
Following is an outline of the chapter along with the main learning objectives. To help coordinate your studies, this outline and the learning objectives are organized to match your textbook. This organization is also utilized in the chapter review section.
Part 1: Key Themes
You should be aware of the contested authorship of the trilogy of plays starting with "Prometheus Bound" (the other two parts existing only in fragments), they are commonly recognized as the work of Aeschylus, but could be by his son, considering the difference between the trilogy and Aeschylus'' other works -- especially in terms of the change in the character of the God Zeus (who goes from being wise and just to a figure without justice or mercy).
Part 2: A Transformation of the Prometheus Myth
You should be aware of the concepts surrounding
the issues of the God Prometheus' crime -- giving the fire of Creation to humanity and
defying the will of the King of the Gods and Goddesses, Zeus.
You should be able to discuss the cultural
implications between the trickster character of Hesiod's Prometheus and the Hero of
Aeschylus' trilogy; though in both the God Prometheus is the benefactor of humanity, the
God Prometheus becomes a savior who ignores the God Zeus' plan for the extinction of
humanity, to descend into darkness and ignorance and perish.
You should be able to discuss the significance
of the gift of fire, both in terms early myths regarding survival and civilization and
later cultural implications relevant to the audiences contemporary with the Greek
Tragedies.
You should be able to discuss the God Prometheus
role as representing the human mind; as the (much later) English poet Shelley wrote -- the
mind remains free, even in the face of physical bondage, such as oppressive rulers.
You should be able to discuss Aeschylus' theme
for the trilogy in terms of the tension between two perceptions of right: the rebel
championing the rights of the oppressed and the legitimate authority that is vested by the
community to protect the stability of the culture.
You should be able to discuss the God Prometheus
in terms of his links with the Goddesses Gaea -- the God Prometheus is a second-generation
Titan in some myths (as well as appearances of the Goddesses Athene and Themis), as a male
counterpart; you should also consider the significance of the chorus being comprised of
the daughters of the God Ocean (who eventually take the God Prometheus' side even though
it is against the King of Gods, Zeus).
You should be able to discuss the God Zeus in
terms of the evolution of his character, from a raw power,
despotic, untempered by wisdom or compassion into an image of the protector of
divine law; consider also that this evolution is a means to escape the fates of the Gods
Chronos and Uranus -- the familial pattern of patricide.
You should be able to discuss the concept of
evolution as a cultural force: in terms of the cultural implications about the audiences
contemporary to the play's creation/production --
the concept of Gods and Goddesses that are vulnerable, not omnipotent or omniscient, and
are also tied to the underlying theme of inevitable change.
You should be able to discuss the character of
the Centaur Chiron in terms of his role in Aeschylus' trilogy in terms of his offer to
take the place of the God Prometheus, considering the requirement of the God Zeus that the
God Prometheus could only be released if another god offered to take his place, thus
taking the God Prometheus part in the salvation of humanity (and the wounding of Chiron by
the Hero Hercules who accidentally wounds Chiron, inflicting an eternal injury).
You should be able to discuss the significance
of the character of IO, (a young woman raped
by the God Zeus and punished for it by the Goddess Hera, by sending a stinging gad-fly to
pursue Io, relentlessly driving her to madness) in terms of: the vulnerability of humanity
to the ravages of despots when no law restrains them; the God Zeus who aggressively,
sexually interacts with mortals but does not protect them from the unreasoned anger or
punishments of other Gods and Goddesses -- exhibiting what might be thought of as
cowardice in the face of the Goddess Hera's fury.
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