This chapter discusses specific human physiological and developmental adaptations to environmental stresses, and some cultural responses to the stresses. As the human species occupies a wide geographic range, there is a wide range of population-specific stresses. The stresses addressed in this chapter include ultraviolet radiation, short term and long term cold stress, heat stress, and oxygen-poor environmental stress. Nutritional stress is also briefly discussed as it relates to a person’s ability to effectively adapt to the environment.