Use periods to indicate the end of declarativeor imperative sentences.
The Newcomen engine utilizes the condensation of steam tocreate a partial vacuum beneath a piston.Expand the system's bandwidth.
Failing to place a period after a complete In addition to ending sentences, periods have the following otherfunctions. 1. strong 2. weak 3. electricalLists
Use a period after numbers or letters in an Quantum theory has three main types of interaction:
End each item in an enumerated list with a period if one or more items in the list are completesentences. (For the sake of parallelism, normally all items ornone should be complete sentences.)
Sixty years of research have produced the following findings:1. Low-calorie diets extend the life span of rats up to 30 percent.
2. The reduction of caloric intake is the only intervention that has demonstrably been shown toslow aging in rodents.
3. Caloric restriction initiated in mice at early middle age can extend the maximum life span by10 to 20 percent and can oppose the development of cancer.
If a vertical list completes a sentence begun in the introduction to the list, the final period isomitted unless the items in the list are separated by commas or or 6.02 3.141516 Rolling inoculated cultures at 0.1 to 0.3 rpm . . . can enhance CPE andviral yield for enteroviruses.The status line contains the currentThe mouse lets youDecimal Points
Periods stand for decimal points within numbers.166.9Omitted or Skipped Texts
Use ellipsis points, three periods with spaces between and on both sides, to indicate omittedportions of a quotation.Rolling inoculated cultures at 0.1 to 0.3 rpm may enhance viral isolations and canenhance CPE and viral yields for enteroviruses.
--Taniya Sarkar, Wei Zhao, and Nurul H. Sarkar, "Expressions of jun Oncogene in Rodentand Human Breast Tumors," World Wide Web Journal of Biology
If the omitted portion follows a sentence period (or other end punctuation), retain the endpunctuation before the ellipsis points.
One can understand the spirit and characteristics of quantum electrodynamics without including this technical detail of polarization. But I’m sure you’ll all feel uncomfortable unless I say something about what I’ve been leaving out. Photons, it turns out, come in four different varieties, called polarizations, that are related geometrically to the directions of space and time.One can understand the spirit and characteristics of quantum electrodynamics without including this technical detail of polarization. . . . Photons, it turns out, come in four different varieties, called polarizations, that are related geometrically to the directions of space and time.
----Richard Feynman, QED
Retain other punctuation marks that precede or follow the skipped portion for clarity andprecision.
The earth's atmosphere is constantly shimmering because of moving pockets of air andchanges in temperature, and such shimmering causes passing light rays to bend one way thenanother. In effect, the shifting atmosphere acts as a rapidly changing lens, smearing out anddefocusing images.The earth's atmosphere is constantlyshimmering . . . . , smearing out and defocusingimages.
--Alan Lightman, Ancient Light
Dr. Max LaueQ.E.D.
in.
If an abbreviation ending in a period comes at the end of a sentence, do not attach an additionalperiod to the sentence.
The system shut down at 2:05 p.m.In Physics and Reality, Einstein wrote, "The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking."Place a period after the parenthesis or --Richard Weindruch, "Caloric Restriction and Aging," ScientificAmerican Copyright ©2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of One such by-product is the superoxide radical(O2·-). [The dot in the formula represents theunpaired electron.]
## Periods ##
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