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Organic Chemistry 4e Carey | |||||
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Organic Chemistry 4e Carey | |||||
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Summary |
Chapter 7 : Stereochemistry |
Stereochemistry Language
Like conformational analysis (which is a sub-branch of stereochemistry), stereochemistry has a language all of its own associated with it. A list and short description of key terms in the language of stereochemistry is provided below, more detailed descriptions are given within the chapter pages.
Stereochemistry is all about the 3D spatial aspects of chemistry.
Molecules that differ only in the arrangement of bonds in 3D space are called "stereoisomers"
Many objects (including molecules) are indistinguishable from their mirror images, but other objects, such as your left and right hands, are distinguishable. An object that has a non-superimposable mirror image is said to be "chiral" (Greek = "handedness") and one that has a superimposable mirror image is "achiral".
If we restrict our thoughts to 2D for a second, and think about letters of the alphabet, some are chiral while others are not. To appreciate this print some words on a piece of paper, then look at them in a mirror. Do they still look the same (superimposable) or are they different (non-superimposable) ? Words like "MOM" are the same as the mirror image but "DAD" is not. Thats why the word "AMBULANCE" on the front hood of the vehicle looks "odd" unless you are looking at it in your rearview mirror.
Pairs of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are called "enantiomers"
The most common type of "chirality" is observed when a carbon atom has four different groups attached to it (so it must be sp3 hybridized). This carbon atom is then described as a chiral or asymmetric or stereogenic center. This later term can also be contracted to a stereocenter.
Enantiomers have the same chemical and physical properties (melting points, boiling points, heat of combustion etc.), except for their interaction with plane polarized light or with other chiral molecules (reagents, solvents, catalysts, etc). (think about how your feet feel if you put them in the wrong shoes).
Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers.
The differing interaction with plane polarized light gives rise to optical activity. Enantiomers cause the plane of polarized light to rotate in opposite directions, but to the same extent (clockwise = +ve, counterclockwise = -ve). This can be measured using a polarimeter. An achiral molecule is optically inactive.
A 50:50 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is called a racemic mixture. This is optically inactive since the rotations produced by each of the enantiomers must cancel each other out.
If there is more of one enantiomer than the other, then the optical purity of a sample can be determined by measuring the rotation and comparing it to that of a pure enantiomer. This can be used to establish the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the mixture.
Despite what one may perceive from a printed page or even the computer screen you are now looking at, most molecules are not 2D objects, they are 3D as a result of the spatial arrangement of the atoms, groups and bonds. The interaction of molecules (reactions) which occur as the result of collisions between these 3D objects in 3D space, can therefore also have 3D requirements and characteristics. Stereochmistry is all about the 3D properties of molecules and reactions.
Isomer types
Enantiomers The Stereogenic Center
