Chapter 1
Basic
Concepts 1
1.1 Classification of Matter 2
1.2 Properties 6
1.3 Matter and Energy 10
1.4 Chemical Symbols 11
1.5 The Periodic Table 12
1.6 Laws, Hypotheses, and Theories 17
Summary 19
Problems 20
Chapter 2
Measurement 25
2.1 Factor Label Method 27
2.2 The Metric System 33
Length or Distance 38
Mass 39
Volume 40
2.3 Significant Digits 42
Significant Digits in Calculated
Results 47
Rounding Off 49
2.4 Exponential Numbers 52
Changing the Form of Exponential
Numbers 55
Multiplication and Division
of Exponential Numbers 56
Addition and Subtraction
of Exponential Numbers 59
Raising an Exponential Number
to a Power 60
2.5 Density 61
2.6 Time, Temperature, and Energy 64
Time 64
Temperature and Energy 65
Temperature Scales 65
Energy 66
Summary 68
Problems 69
Chapter 3
Atoms and Atomic Masses 77
3.1 Laws of Chemical Combination 78
3.2 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 81
3.3 Subatomic Particles 83
3.4 Atomic Mass 85
3.5 Development of the Periodic Table 87
Summary 91
Problems 92
Chapter 4
Electronic Configuration
of the Atom 98
4.1 A Brief Exploration of Light 99
4.2 Bohr Theory 101
4.3 Quantum Numbers 104
4.4 Relative Energies of Electrons 106
4.5 Shells, Subshells, and Orbitals 110
4.6 Shapes of Orbitals 113
4.7 Energy Level Diagrams 114
4.8 Periodic Variation of Electronic
Configuration 116
Summary 120
Problems 122
Chapter 5
Chemical
Bonding 127
5.1 Chemical Formulas 128
Molecules of Elements 129
Formula Units 131
5.2 Ionic Bonding 133
Detailed Electronic Configurations
of Anions 135
Detailed Electronic Configurations
of Cations 136
5.3 Electron Dot Diagrams 138
5.4 Formulas for Ionic Compounds 138
5.5 Covalent Bonding 142
Systematic Method for Drawing
Electron Dot Diagrams 145
Polyatomic Ions 148
Non-Octet Structures 151
Summary 152
Problems 154
Chapter 6
Nomenclature 160
6.1 Binary Nonmetal-Nonmetal Compounds 161
6.2 Naming Ionic Compounds 163
Naming Cations 163
Naming Anions 167
Naming and Writing Formulas
for Ionic Compounds 169
6.3 Naming Acids and Acid Salts 170
Naming Acids 171
Naming Acid Salts 172
6.4 Hydrates 175
Summary 176
Problems 178
Chapter 7
Formula Calculations 184
7.1 Formula Masses 185
7.2 Percent Composition 187
7.3 The Mole 188
7.4 Empirical Formulas 192
7.5 Molecular Formulas 196
Summary 199
Problems 200
Chapter 8
Chemical Reactions 206
8.1 The Chemical Equation 207
8.2 Balancing Equations 209
8.3 Predicting the Products of Chemical Reactions 213
Combination Reactions 213
Decomposition Reactions 215
Single Substitution Reactions 217
Double Substitution Reactions 219
Combustion Reactions 223
8.4 Acids and Bases 225
Properties of Acids and Bases 225
Acidic and Basic Anhydrides 228
Acid Salts 230
Carbonates and Acid Carbonates 231
Summary 234
Problems 235
Chapter 9
Net Ionic Equations 240
9.1 Properties of Ionic Compounds
in Aqueous Solution 241
9.2 Writing Net Ionic Equations 243
Summary 249
Problems 250
Chapter 10
Stoichiometry 253
10.1 Mole Calculations for Chemical Reactions 254
10.2 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions 257
10.3 Calculations Involving Other Quantities 261
10.4 Problems Involving Limiting Quantities 265
10.5 Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield 273
10.6 Calculations with Net Ionic Equations 274
Summary 276
Problems 277
Chapter 11
Molarity 285
11.1 Definition and Uses of Molarity 286
11.2 Molarities of Ions 294
11.3 Titration 298
Summary 304
Problems 305
Chapter 12
Gases 310
12.1 Gas Pressure 311
12.2 Boyle’s Law 312
12.3 Charles’ Law 317
12.4 The Combined Gas Law 320
12.5 The Ideal Gas Law 322
12.6 Molar Masses and Molecular Formulas 325
12.7 Gases in Chemical Reactions 328
12.8 Volume Ratios in Chemical Reactions 330
12.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 332
12.10 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 336
Summary 340
Problems 341
Chapter 13
Atomic and Molecular Properties 347
13.1 Atomic and Ionic Sizes 348
13.2 Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity 351
13.3 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 354
13.4 Molecular Shape 355
13.5 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 359
13.6 Intermolecular Forces 362
Dipolar Attractions 362
van der Waals Forces 362
Hydrogen Bonding 364
Summary 367
Problems 368
Chapter 14
Solids and Liquids, Energies of Physical
and Chemical Changes 371
14.1 Nature of the Solid and Liquid States 372
The Solid State 372
The Liquid State 376
14.2 Changes of Phase 377
14.3 Measurement of Energy Changes 379
14.4 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions 386
Enthalpy Change 387
Enthalpy of Formation 388
Hess’s Law 390
Summary 393
Problems 395
Chapter 15
Solutions 401
15.1 The Solution Process 402
15.2 Saturated, Unsaturated,
and Supersaturated Solutions 404
15.3 Molality 406
15.4 Mole Fraction 408
15.5 Colligative Properties 410
Vapor-Pressure Lowering 410
Freezing-Point Depression 412
Boiling-Point Elevation 414
Osmotic Pressure 416
Summary 418
Problems 419
Chapter 16
Oxidation Numbers 424
16.1 Assigning Oxidation Numbers 425
16.2 Using Oxidation Numbers in Naming Compounds 430
16.3 Periodic Variation of Oxidation Numbers 431
Predicting Oxidation Numbers 431
Writing Formulas for Covalent
Compounds 434
16.4 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction
Equations 434
16.5 Electrochemistry 440
Voltaic Cells 440
Electrolysis 442
16.6 Equivalents and Normality 444
Normality 445
Equivalent Mass 447
Summary 449
Problems 450
Chapter 17
Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium 456
17.1 Rates of Reaction 457
17.2 The Condition of Equilibrium 458
17.3 LeChâtelier’s Principle 460
17.4 Equilibrium Constants 464
Finding Values of Equilibrium
Constants 466
Calculations Using Equilibrium
Constants 468
Summary 472
Problems 473
Chapter 18
Acid-Base
Theory 478
18.1 The Brønsted Theory 479
Acid and Base Strength 481
Acidic or Basic Nature of Salt Solutions 482
Acids and Bases without Water 483
18.2 Ionization Constants 484
18.3 Autoionization of Water 486
18.4 Buffer Solutions 491
Summary 495
Problems 497
Chapter 19
Organic Chemistry 501
19.1 Hydrocarbons 502
The Alkanes 503
The Alkenes 505
The Alkynes 507
The Aromatic Hydrocarbons 508
19.2 Isomerism 509
Isomers of Alkanes 511
Isomers of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 513
19.3 Some Other Classes of Organic
Compounds 514
Organic Halides 515
Alcohols and Ethers 516
Aldehydes and Ketones 519
Organic Acids and Esters 520
Amines and Amides 521
19.4 Polymers 523
19.5 Foods 525
Fats 525
Carbohydrates 527
Summary 529
Problems 530
Chapter 20
Nuclear
Reactions 534
20.1 Natural Radioactivity 535
Radioactive Series 538
Tracers 541
20.2 Half-Life 542
20.3 Nuclear Fission 551
Chain Reactions 552
Energetics of Nuclear Reactions 553
20.4 Nuclear Fusion 555
Summary 557
Problems 558
Appendices
Appendix 1: Scientific Calculations 561
A.1 Scientific Algebra and Geometry 561
Designation of Variables 561
Units 564
Percentage 567
Quadratic Equations 567
Conversion to Integral Ratios 568
Scientific Geometry 569
A.2 The Scientific Calculator 570
Precedence Rules 571
Division 573
The Change Sign Key 574
Exponential Numbers 575
The Reciprocal Key 577
Logarithms and Antilogarithms 577
Significant Figures 579
Problems 580
Appendix 2: Tables of Symbols, Abbreviations,
and Prefixes and Suffixes 585
Appendix 3: Table of Basic
Mathematical Equations 589
Appendix 4: Answers to Practice Problems 591
Appendix 5: Answers to Selected
End-of-Chapter Problems 604
Glossary 654
Photo Credits 665
Index 667
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