CONSONANT DRILLS

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CONSONANT DRILLS

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Contrast Drill for [p] and [b]. This drill contrasts voiced and voiceless plosives. Read the words across, in pairs. You should hear and feel voice only in the second word of each pair.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [p]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Apply sufficient lip pressure, but don't "pop" the sound in final position. This drill is abbreviated; try the last six words in each column on your own. In the fifth edition, "uphill" has changed to "upwind."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [p]. Read down the columns. Say the phrases slowly and carefully, continuing to apply ample lip pressure. In the fifth edition "passing parade" has changed to "tea cup"; "pink poodle" has changed to "pink napkin"; "tea cup" has changed to "stop gap"; "cup cake" has changed to "cupcake pan" ; "paint pail" has changed to "unpaid penny"; "push and pull" has changed to "cheap jeep"; "pencil point" has changed to "deep teacup."

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [p]. Say these sentences slowly, maintaining lip pressure. Avoid excessive "popping."

In #14 "pulled" is now "panted."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [p]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Maintain lip pressure, but avoid "popping." In the fifth edition "responsible" has changed to "responsive."

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [p]. Read down the columns. Continue to be distinct, but avoid popping.

In the fifth edition "responsible" has changed to "responsive."

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [p]. Read these sentences slowly and clearly in a conversational style.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [p]. These words are difficult because the target sound is blended with other consonants. Produce the [p] clearly, but vary stress according to the blend; emphasize the [p] only slightly in [pl] and [pr], and almost not at all in [pt]. Read down the columns.

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Level 3 Practice Phrases for [p]. The consonant blends in these phrases can be difficult to produce. Read slowly down the columns.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [p]. Read these sentences slowly and clearly, trying to sound as conversational as possible. This drill is abbreviated; try sentence numbers 6 through 10 on your own.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [b]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. [b] is voiced, and will have less pressure than [p]. In the fifth edition, "biology" has changed to "bind."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [b]. Read down the columns. Avoid popping by reducing lip pressure.

In the fifth edition, "bank book" has changed to "bank job"; "bio lab" has changed to "bind books"; "fabulous backhand" has changed to "ebony abacus"; "ebony cabinet" has changed to "hobby cabinet."

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [b]. Read these sentences slowly and clearly. Avoid excessive lip pressure and popping. In the fifth edition, #8 "bio lab" has changed to "abbey."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [b]. The words in this list are more difficult to produce because of the other consonants present. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words.

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [b]. Say these phrases slowly and distinctly. Read down the columns.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [b]. Read down the columns, starting with the Beginning words. Avoid excessive pressure, but be sure you can hear the target sound in each word.

Level 3 Practice Words for [b]. These words have various blends and combinations, as well as [p] for contrast. Read down each column, slowly, controlling pressure.

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Level 3 Practice Phrases for [b]. Blends and combinations make these phrases difficult to produce because it is easy to overemphasize the [b]. In the fifth edition, "black umbrella" has been added so you will not hear it on the tape.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [b]. These sentences contain both target sounds and some difficult blends.

In the fifth edition, #1, "and November" has been deleted.

Challenge Sentences for [p] and [b]. These sentences contain both target sounds in difficult-to-say contexts. Don't worry if you stumble; just start again, and read slowly. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 6 - 15 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [t] and [d]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Be aware of the difference in voicing between the two target sounds.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [t]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Make the target sound short and precise; don't hold it longer than necessary. Read the End column twice. In the fifth edition, "talk" has changed to "tong."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [t]. Read down the columns, slowly. Avoid excessive pressure of the tongue on the gum ridge; keep the sound crisp. In the fifth edition, "toss in the pot" has changed to "tick tock."

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [t]. Read these sentences slowly but naturally. Don't overdo the [t]. In the fifth edition, #8, "until" has changed to "at"; #11 "tall" has changed to "tense."

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Contrast drill for omission of [t]. Read the pairs of words slowly. Make an extra effort to listen for the [t] in the second word of each pair. It's hard to hear; [t] does not have much power.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [t]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words, then go to End and Middle. Then read the list on page 88: Beginning and End, Beginning and Middle, and Middle and End. The combinations of consonants in all the lists are more difficult to produce.

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Level 2 Practice Phrases for [t]. Read down the columns, slowly and carefully. Avoid excessive pressure between tongue and gum ridge, and don't "blast" the consonants.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [t]. Say these sentences slowly and distinctly, but don't exaggerate the [t]. Try sentences 9-15 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [d] and [t]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Try to feel and hear the difference between the target sounds.

Practice Words for [d] and [t] Substitution. These words have [t] in the middle position. Touch the tongue lightly against the gum ridge as you briefly stop voicing.

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Practice words for [d] for [t] substitution. Read down the columns. Continue to touch the tongue lightly against the gum ridge, and make sure to stop voicing when you produce the [t]. It may help to imagine there's a very slight [h] after the [t].

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Practice Words for [t] followed by [n] or [l]. This is an especially difficult combination of sounds to produce, and it occurs very frequently. When you say the [tl] words, don't let your tongue move away from the gum ridge after making the [t]; keep it there for the [l] and drop the sides to explode the air laterally. For the [tn], drop the soft palate allowing the air to come out the nose. Don't substitute [d] for [t]. Read down the columns; take your time.

In the fifth edition, "little" has changed to "battle"; "battle" has changed to "petal."

Practice Phrases for [tt] and [tð] Combinations. These combinations are unusual in that they are most easily produced with the [t] on the teeth instead of the gum ridge. Read down the columns, and take extra effort to produce all the consonants.

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Problem 3: [tt] or [tð] combinations. Anticipate the production of the second sound in each combination by producing the [t] with the tongue on the back of the front teeth instead of on the gum ridge.

Problem 4: [kt] combination. Make an extra effort to produce the [t] at the end of each word. As you gain experience with this sound, you'll be able to bring the two consonants of the combination closer together.

Problem 5: Practice Words for the [tr] blend. When you say these words, don't let your tongue slide back off the gum ridge. Instead, break contact cleanly in a downward motion.

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Practice words for [tr]. Read down the columns. Make sure you're producing the [t] on the gum ridge and not on the teeth. Try to prevent your tongue from "sliding" back. Instead, make a clean downward break.

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Practice sentences for [tr]. Continue to be aware of the point of contact between the tongue and gum ridge. Feel for any "sliding."

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Level 3 Practice sentences for [t]. Read these sentences slowly and carefully. Be alert for dentalization and omissions. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 10 - 15 on your own.

Challenge sentences for [t]. These sentences have the target sound presented in difficult contexts. Read these sentences slowly and carefully. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start over again, slowly.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [d]. Read these words slowly and clearly, making the [d] short and distinct. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. In the fifth edition "Debbie" has changed to "damp"; "seeding" has changed to "wedding"; "fodder" changed to "hot dog."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [d]. Read down the columns, making the [d] short and distinct.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [d]. Make the [d] short and distinct.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [d]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Make sure you don't omit the [d], especially at the end of a word.

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [d]. Read down the columns, making sure to produce the [d] when it occurs at the end of a word.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [d]. Produce the [d] clearly and distinctly at the ends of words.

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Problem 1: Omission of [d] before [z]. Read down the columns. When you say these words, produce them together so that they appear to be one sound.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [dr]. Use the same technique you used for the [tr] blend. Make a clean break between the tongue and gum ridge.

Level 3 Practice Words for [dn] and [dl]. Read down the columns. Leave your tongue touching the gum ridge after you produce the [d]. If you are following along in the fifth edition you will hear the words in the following order: column 1: hidden, sudden, ridden, riddle, dwindle; column 2: student, sadden, widen, middle, idle; column 3: rodent, shouldn't, hadn't, paddle, poodle; column 4: redness, couldn't, wouldn't, padlock, redlight.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [d]. Read these sentences with extra care because of the difficult combinations and blends. Don't overdo the [d].

Challenge Sentences for [d]. The target sound is presented here in difficult contexts. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start again, and read slowly.

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Challenge Sentences for [d] and [t]. Both target sounds appear in difficult contexts in these sentences. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start again and read slowly.

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Contrast Drill for [k] and [g]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Be aware of the difference in voicing between the target sounds.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [k]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Be sure to make firm contact between the tongue and soft palate for the target sound.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [k]. Read down the columns. As with the word drill, make firm contact.

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Level 1 Practice Sentences for [k]. Continue to make a firm contact between tongue and soft palate when saying [k]. Remember, [k] is voiceless.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [k]. These words have slightly more difficult sound combinations, some words have [g] for contrast, and the target sound may appear more than once in a word. Don't omit the [k] at the end position, but don't overdo it, either. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Save All Positions for last.

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Level 2 Practice Phrases for [k]. The same combinations appear in these phrases. Don't overdo the [k].

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [k]. Follow the same instructions as above.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [k]. Words with the consonant combinations of [kl], [kr], [ks], and [kw] can be quite difficult to produce accurately. Try to produce these combinations as one sound; don't separate them. Read down the columns.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [k]. Follow the instructions given above regarding the consonant combinations. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 6 through 15 on your own.

Challenge Sentences for [k]. The target sound appears in difficult contexts, so you just might stumble. If you do, start again, and read slowly. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 6 through 10 on page 107 on your own.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [g]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Make firm contact between the tongue and soft palate. Remember, this sound is voiced. In the fifth edition, "jog" has changed to "hog"; "ignite" has changed to "begin"; "dogma" has changed to "August."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [g]. Read down the columns. Continue to make firm contact between tongue and soft palate.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [g]. Listen for full voicing of [g]. In the fifth edition, #2: "goat" is now "geese"; "butt" is now "against."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [g]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Follow the same instructions as above.

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Level 2 Practice Phrases for [g]. Say the [g] clearly in each phrase. Read down the columns. Apply firm pressure between tongue and soft palate.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [g]. Continue to apply firm pressure. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 6 through 10 on your own.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [gl], [gr], [gz] and [gd]. These can be difficult blends. Say them slowly as blends, not separating the consonants.

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Level 3 Practice Sentences for [g]. These sentences have the difficult combinations of the drills above. Make sure voicing carries through. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 10 through 14 on your own.

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Challenge Sentences for [g]. Read these sentences slowly and carefully. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start again, slowly. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 6 through 10 on your own. In the fifth edition, #10, "Gig" was changed to "Gail."

Challenge Sentences for [k] and [g]. These sentences are even more difficult that those above. Control your rate when you read them. This drill is abbreviated; try sentences 6 through 10 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [f] and [v]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs, listening for voicing in the [v].

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Level 1 Practice Words for [f]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Maintain lip-teeth contact and remember, [f] is voiceless.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [f]. Read down the columns. Maintain lip-teeth contact.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [f]. Read the sentences slowly, maintaining lip-teeth contact.

In the fifth edition, #2 "telephone" has changed to "phone"; #4 "singer" has changed to "chief"; #5 "life" is now "fate"; #9 "was confident as he paid" is now "confidently paid."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [f]. Other consonants in these words may make it more difficult to maintain lip-teeth contact. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning.

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [f]. The same consonant combinations appear in these phrases. Read down the columns, carefully.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [f]. Continue to be aware of lip-teeth contact. Read the sentences slowly, but naturally.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [f]. The blends of [fl], [fr], [fs], and [ft] can be difficult. Read down the columns, trying to say each blend as one sound, not two. Don't let vowel sounds appear between the consonants.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [f]. These sentences contain difficult blends. Read them carefully and slowly. Continue to maintain lip-teeth contact.

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Challenge Sentences for [f]. The target sound is presented here in very difficult contexts. Try not to press your lip too hard against the teeth. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start over, slowly.

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Contrast Drill for [v] and [w]. Read down the list of [w] words first, pursing your lips and avoiding lip-teeth contact. Then read the list of [v] words, making firm contact between lip and teeth. Finally, read down the list again, this time as contrasting pairs.

Contrast Drill for [b] and [v]. First, read down the list of [b] words feeling for the explosive quality. Then, read the [v] words trying to avoid letting air pressure build up. Finally, read the list again, as word pairs.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [v]. Start with Beginning. Begin voicing at the same time that your teeth touch your lip.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [v]. Read down the columns. Listen and feel for voice.

In the fifth edition, "had a view" becomes "vintage view."

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [v]. Continue to listen and feel for voice, and the sensation of vibration between lip and teeth. #9 was changed from "has produced vintage wines" to "has been divided."

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Drill for Final [v]. Try to produce a moderately strong [v] at the end of each word.

Drill for of. Listen for voicing and say each of with a [v], not [f].

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Level 2 Practice Words for [v]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Some words have [f] for contrast. Produce [v] distinctly.

Level 2 Phrases for [v]. Don't omit [v] or assimilate it into the following word. You can "devoice" [v] slightly when the consonant that follows is voiceless. In the second half of this drill be sure to produce a moderately strong [v] at the end of each [v] word.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [v]. Read these sentences slowly, making sure that each [v] receives adequate voicing.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [v]. Continue to monitor the amount of voicing each [v] receives.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [v] and [f]. Read these sentences slowly and clearly. [f] occurs a few times for contrast.

Challenge Sentences for [f] and [v]. The target sounds appear here in contexts that are very difficult. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start over again, slowly.

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Contrast Drill for [t] and [t]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The target sound is in the second word.

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Contrast Drill for [t] and [f]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The target sound occurs in the second word of each pair. It's very hard to hear the differences between these two sounds.

Contrast Drill for [t] and [s]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Keep your tongue behind your teeth for the first word of each pair. Feel for contact between your tongue and the cutting edge of the upper front teeth.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [t]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Use light pressure between the tongue and the cutting edge of the upper front teeth for the voiceless [t].

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [t]. Read down the columns. Continue to use a very light touch between tongue and teeth.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [t]. Read these sentences slowly, producing a strong, breathy target sound.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [t]. These words contain other consonants that make the production of this sound more difficult. Continue a very light touch of tongue to teeth. Read down, starting with Beginning words.

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [t]. Read down the columns, being careful to avoid substituting [t] at the end of a word.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [t]. Continue making a light breathy sound. Take extra care when the sound occurs in the middle or end of a word. Try sentences 6-10 on your own.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [t]. These words have the target sound in consonant clusters that are very much like "tongue-twisters." Try not to break up the clusters into individual sounds; produce them as one sound.

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Level 3 Practice Sentences for [t] . Read these sentences slowly and carefully. Don't be surprised if you trip on the tongue-twister clusters.

Challenge Sentences for [t]. These are very difficult sentences, and there's a good chance that you will stumble. Try not to press your tongue too firmly against your teeth.

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Contrast Drill for [ð] and [d]. Read the contrasting pairs. The target sound occurs in the second word of each pair. Feel for "vibration" of [ð] in the second word as compared to the "explosion" of [d] in the first word.

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Contrast Drill for [z] and [ð]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The target sound occurs in the second word of each pair. Feel for "vibration" between your tongue and the cutting edge of the upper front teeth in the second word of each pair.

Level 1 Practice Words for [ð]. It's easier to produce this sound when it's preceded by a vowel, so start with Middle words. Keep the tongue touch light, and start voicing early.

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [ð]. Read down the columns. Make sure you voice through the entire production of the target sound.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [ð]. Keeping the tongue touch light, and voicing complete, read the sentences slowly and carefully.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [ð]. Consonant combinations make these words hard to produce accurately. Take extra care with the End words. Read down, starting with Beginning.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [ð]. Read these sentences slowly, controlling the touch of the tongue and voicing.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [ð]. These lists contain difficult consonant blends. Make the blends last longer than usual.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [ð]. Read these sentences slowly and carefully, and imitate normal speech rate and duration patterns.

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Challenge Sentences for [ð] and [t]. The target sounds appear here in very difficult contexts. You'll probably stumble at first, but just start again, slowly. Try sentences 7 through 15 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [s] and [z]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Listen for voicing in the second word of each pair.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [s]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Use moderate air pressure on the [s]. This drill has been abbreviated, so you can try the rest of the words on your own. In the fifth edition "bless" has been changed to "boss" and "blossom" has been changed to "basin."

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [s]. Read down the columns. Produce a strong [s], but don't make the duration too long.

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Level 1 Practice Sentences for [s]. Read the sentences slowly, producing a strong [s]. In the fifth edition #3 was changed from " I sent the package last week." to "I will send the package soon."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [s]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning, then the End, finishing with the Middle column. Because of the sounds that precede and follow, you must work hard to produce a strong [s].

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [s]. Read these sentences carefully, producing a consistent [s].

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Practice Words for [sw]. Read down the columns. Don't substitute [R].

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Practice Words for [sp]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Try not to substitute [R] for [s] in beginning position. In the fifth edition, column three, "cuspidor" has been changed to "aspen."

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Practice Words for [str]. Don't rush the sound; be careful to avoid substituting [R]. Start with the Beginning words.

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Practice Words for [skr]. Follow the same instructions for the drill above.

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Practice Words for [sts]. This consonant combination is very difficult to produce so that the [t] is heard clearly. Read down the columns, emphasizing the [t] in the combination, but making sure to produce the final [s]. Try the third and fourth columns on your own.

Contrast Drill for [ks] and [sk]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Make the vowel sound in each word longer than usual, and make sure to produce the [s] before the [k] in the second word of each pair.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [sk]. Read down the columns. Emphasize the [sk] a little more than usual.

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [s]. Try for a consistent [s], and don't omit the other consonants.

Challenge sentences for [s]. The clusters with [s] are difficult and occur frequently. Read these sentences slowly, and don't worry if you stumble. Just try again, slowly. Try sentences 6 through 10 on your own.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [z]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Exaggerate the target sound in the Middle and End.

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [z]. Read down the columns, trying for a buzzing sound that you can feel and hear.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [z]. Continue to listen and feel for the buzzing quality.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [z]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. You'll find some words with [s] for contrast. Make sure to voice the [z] fully.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [z]. Read these sentences carefully, but at normal rate. Make sure to voice the [z] at the ends of words.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [z]. The consonant combinations [dz], [nz], and [vz] are difficult to pronounce and are frequently unvoiced. Read down the columns of words. Continue voicing through the end of each word.

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Level 3 Practice Sentences for [s] and [z]. Read these sentences slowly and carefully. Both [s] and [z] appear, so you must be careful about voicing.

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Challenge Sentences for [s] and [z]. Remember that spelling frequently does not correctly indicate pronunciation. For these sentences, make sure that you are voicing the s when it should be the sound [z]. Try sentences 7 through 10 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [R] and [z]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Listen and feel for voice in the target sound in the second word in each pair. [R] has no voice, and should sound like a rush of air.

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Contrast Drill for [R] and [tR]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The target sound is in the first word of each pair, and should not have an explosive quality. Instead, listen for the smooth start and hiss of the fricative.

Level 1 Practice Words for [R]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Listen for the smooth, voiceless fricative. This drill has been abbreviated; you can try the rest of the words on your own.

Level 1 Phrases for [R]. Read down the columns. Continue to listen and feel for the smooth approach.

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Level 1 Practice Sentences for [R]. Read these sentences at a normal rate, but be careful not to make the target sound too "hard." In the fifth edition, #1, "an additional complaint" has been changed to "a complaint in addition."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [R]. The other consonants in these words may make the target sound harder to produce accurately. Be on the lookout for words with [s]. This drill has been abbreviated, and you can try the rest of the words on your own.

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [R]. Read down the columns, slowly and carefully. Make the target sound clear and distinct, even when it occurs twice in succession.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [R]. Read these sentences in the same way as the phrases above. This drill continues on the next page.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [z]. Read down the columns, starting with End words. The target sound is a fricative, and should not have a plosive quality. Try for a gentle attack on the target sound.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [z]. Read down the columns. Follow the same production instructions as above.

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Level 1 Practice Sentences for [z]. Continue the gentle attack in these sentences, but start to exaggerate the target sound.

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Practice Sentences for [R] and [z]. Each of these sentences contains both the voiced and voiceless target sounds. Listen closely, and don't voice the wrong sound.

Challenge Sentences for [R] and [z]. It will be even more difficult to avoid voicing confusion in these sentences. Read them slowly, and don't hesitate to read a sentence again if you're not sure about voicing. Try sentences 6 through 10 on your own.

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Practice Words for [h]. Attack [h] gently, especially in Beginning words.

Practice Sentences for [h]. Continue the gentle attack on the target sound.

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Contrast Drill for [L] and [w]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The sound in the first word of each pair resembles a [w] with an [h] preceding it, so listen for a breathy quality.

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Contrast Drill for [v] and [w]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. There should be no lip-teeth contact in the first word of each pair.

Level 1 Practice Words for [w]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Feel for lip-rounding on the target sound. There are no words in English that end with the [w] sound. In the fifth edition the second "beginning" column and the first "middle" column have been switched. As you listen to the tapes, read the first "beginning" column, then skip to the first "middle" column and then go back to the second "beginning" column.

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Level 1 Practice Sentences for [w]. Feel for the right degree of lip-rounding, and avoid lip-teeth contact.

Challenge Sentences for [L] and [w]. If you're not accustomed to using [L] in your everyday speech, you may have to check your production of these sentences with someone else.

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Contrast Drill for [w] and [r]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The target sound appears in the second word of the pair. Try to minimize lip movement for the [r] words.

Contrast Drill for [r] and [l]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Don't let your tongue tip touch anything, and purse your lips slightly when you produce the [r]. This drill has been abbreviated.

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Contrast Drill for [v] and [r]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Avoid any contact between your lower lip and upper front teeth when you produce [r].

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Practice Phrases. Read down the columns. Press the lips tightly together and articulate distinctly and precisely.

Level 1 Practice Words for [r]. Read down the columns, starting with Beginning words. Even though the final [r] may be optional, say the [r] in the end words. In the fifth edition, "Ray" has been changed to "raid" ; "array" has changed to "Karen."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [r]. Read down the columns, continuing to producing the [r] in all positions.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [r]. Continue to produce the [r] even when it's optional in final position for your area. In the fifth edition, #1, "...to find.." has been changed to "...looking for..."

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Level 2 Practice Words for [r]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Avoid curling your tongue too much. Take extra care with words containing [p]. This drill is abbreviated.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [r]. Read these sentences slowly and carefully. The words with [p] may cause extra difficulty.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [pr]. Read down the columns. The [pr] blend can be difficult, and may cause too much lip pursing.

Level 3 Practice Words for [br]. Read down the columns. This blend can be misarticulated in the same way as [pr].

Level 3 Practice Words for [gr] and [kr]. Read down the columns, trying to produce these as true blends. Don't let a vowel creep in between the two consonants of the blend.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [fr]. Read down the columns, again trying to avoid separating the consonants.

Level 3 Practice Words for [tr]. Read down the columns, pressing the tongue only very lightly against the palate. Remove the tongue crisply from the palate; don't let it slide back to the [r].

Level 3 Practice Words for [dr]. Read down the columns following the same instructions for [tr].

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [r]. Read these sentences with special attention to the consonant blends and the [r] in final position. Try sentences 11-15 on your own.

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Challenge Sentences for [r]. These sentences will provide even more challenge with clusters. Read them more than once, slowly. Try sentences 10 through 15 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [j] and [dz]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. As you say the [j] in the second word of each pair, be sure to keep your tongue tip down behind the front teeth.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [j]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. [j] is optional in starred words.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [j]. Read these sentences carefully, but try for a relaxed, smooth attack on [j]. In the fifth edition, #9, "January" has been changed to "Utah."

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Challenge Sentences for [j]. These sentences contain the target sound in many contexts, and with diverse spellings. Read them slowly, and repeat when necessary.

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Contrast Drill for "clear" [l] and "dark" [l]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Make sure the tongue touches the gum ridge for the "clear" [l].

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Contrast Drill for [r] and [l]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Notice how the [r] is produced with the tongue farther back in the mouth.

Level 1 Practice Words for [l]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Make sure the tongue tip touches the upper gum ridge, not the teeth. Use the dark [l] where it's appropriate. In the fifth edition, "dolly" has changed to "dollar"; "ball" has changed to "bill" ; "pill" has changed to "call."

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [l]. Read down the columns. Use the dark [l] where appropriate.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [l]. Read these sentences carefully, making sure to feel for contact by the tongue with the gum ridge. In the fifth edition, #10, "Larry tried to call collect..." changed to "Let's call from..."

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Production Drill for [l]. Read down each column. Don't remove your tongue from the gum ridge before producing the [l].

Level 2 Practice Words for [l]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Don't let vowels creep in between consonant blends. In the fifth edition "help" and "pearl" switched columns.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [l]. Read these sentences carefully, being aware of consonant blends.

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Level 3 Practice Words for [l]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. If a word starts and ends with [l], the first will be clear, but the second may be dark. In the fifth edition, "lull" changed to "cleverly."

Level 3 Practice Sentences for [l]. These sentences contain difficult blends. Don't let vowels intrude in the blends.

Challenge Sentences for [l]. The target sound appears in almost every word, so you're likely to have to read each sentence a few times. This drill continues on the next page, but it has been abbreviated. You can try sentences 7 through 10 on your own.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [m]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Don't allow [m] to become part of the next consonant.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [m]. Read down the columns, keeping the [m] distinct.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [m]. Produce the [m] distinctly without becoming part of the next consonant.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [n]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Use only the tip of the tongue for [n].

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [n]. Don't assimilate [n] into the next sound.

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Contrast Drill for [n] and [_]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. You should be able to feel a distinct difference in tongue-palate contact.

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Contrast Drill for [_] and [_k]. Slowly read the word pairs. The target sounds in the first word of each pair won't have the voiceless "click" of the second word.

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Level 1 Practice Words for [_]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Be sure you feel contact between the back of the tongue and the soft palate.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [_]. Read down the columns. Continue to feel for firm pressure between the tongue and soft palate.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [_]. Read these sentences at a normal rate. Maintain firm tongue-palate pressure.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [_]. Read down the columns. The lists have been divided as to which sound follows the target sound: [k] or [g].

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [_]. Both of the above blends occur here.

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Challenge Sentences for [_]. The target sound is presented in very difficult contexts in these sentences. You'll have to decide if [_] is clustered with [g] or [k]. Don't worry if you stumble. Just start again, slowly.

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Contrast Drill for [tR] and [dz]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. Feel for voicing after the target sound in the first word of each pair, and at the start of the target sound in the second word of each pair. Be certain that you hear a plosive quality at the start of each word.

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Contrast Drill for [tR] and [R]. Slowly read the word pairs. Feel for hard contact between the tongue and gum ridge for the target sound in the second word of each pair.

Level 1 Practice Words for [tR]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Feel for firm tongue-gum ridge contact.

Level 1 Practice Phrases for [tR]. Read down the columns, feeling for tongue-gum ridge contact.

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Level 1 Practice Sentences for [tR]. Feel for tongue-gum ridge contact.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [tR]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. There are other consonants present that may make the target sound difficult to produce accurately.

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Level 2 Practice Phrases for [tR]. Read down the columns. Continue to make firm contact.

Level 2 Practice Sentences for [tR]. Read these sentences slowly and carefully. Feel for contact, but don't exaggerate the target sound. This drill has been abbreviated; try sentences 8 through 10 on your own.

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Contrast Drill for [j] and [dz]. Slowly read the contrasting word pairs. The first word of each pair should not have the tongue-gum ridge contact of the target sound in the second.

Level 1 Practice Words for [dz]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. Make sure to voice the entire target sound.

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Level 1 Practice Phrases for [dz]. Read down the columns. Continue to voice the entire target sound.

Level 1 Practice Sentences for [dz]. Continue complete voicing, but don't exaggerate the target sound.

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Level 2 Practice Words for [dz]. Read down the columns starting with Beginning words. The other sounds that are present make the target sound difficult to produce accurately and distinctly.

Level 2 Practice Phrases for [dz]. Read down the columns. Don't overdo the target sound, but continue to make sure you voice it entirely.

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Level 2 Practice Sentences for [dz]. Try for a clear and distinct target sound.

Challenge Sentences for [dz] and [tR]. These sentences present the target sounds in difficult contexts. You may have difficulty with voicing, but don't worry if you get confused. Try sentences 11 through 15 on your own.