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Learning Objectives
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Chapter 2: Developmental Theories
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After completing Chapter 2, you should be able to:
- Define theory, and describe the functions that
a theory serves.
- Explain the central view of psychoanalytic theory
and state Freud’s view of the role of the unconscious.
- Briefly describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages.
- Distinguish between Erikson’s psychosocial and Freud’s
psychosexual development theories.
- Name Erikson’s eight stages of development, and describe
the approximate time period during which each psychosocial stage occurs and
the type of life crisis experienced.
- Discuss the focus of behavioral theory, name its
major proponents, and explain the significance of the following terms:
focus and proponents of behavioral theory
stimulus
response
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
behavior modification
- Briefly summarize the main principles of humanistic
theory, and name its two major proponents.
- Draw and briefly describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
that motivate human behavior.
- Characterize a self-actualized individual as
described by Maslow, and define what is meant by peak experiences.
- Summarize what is meant by cognitive theory.
- Define the roles of the following as they relate to the
process of cognitive development:
schema
assimilation
accommodation
equilibrium
- Explain cognitive learning.
- Define the term natural selection.
- Explain the ethological viewpoint.
- Briefly define the following terms as they relate to
ethology:
releasing stimulus
imprinting
critical period
- Explain Bronfenbrenner’s D=f(PE).
- Explain how proponents of the continuity and discontinuity
models view human development. Compare and contrast the heredity (nature)
vs. environment (nurture) views of development.
- Explain the complex interaction of hereditary (maturation)
and environmental factors as proposed by Scarr and McCartney.
passive
evocative
active
- Describe behavioral genetics, explain the renewed interest
in biological determinism, and briefly cite the findings from the Kagan Timidity
Studies:
behavioral genetics
renewed interest
Kagan Timidity Studies
