Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning by Elliott, Kratochwill, Littlefield Cook & Travers
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Cognitive and Language Development

The fundamental question that lies at the heart of teaching is, "How do students learn?" There are many forces that influence students' learning, and knowledge of cognitive development will help educators choose developmentally appropriate instruction and materials. The work of Piaget in his "Four Stages of Cognitive Development" helps teachers understand what they can expect cognitively from students of different ages. Vygotsky's theory focuses on the role of culture and social interactions in student learning. Both of these models give insight into best instructional practices for working with diverse student populations.

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