Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION
READING (AND WRITING ABOUT) LITERATURE

PART ONE: FICTION

CHAPTER 1: READING STORIES

Luke: The Prodigal Son
The Experience of Fiction
The Interpretation of Fiction
Reading in Context
The Evaluation of Fiction
                 John Updike A&P
The Act of Reading Fiction
                 Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour

CHAPTER 2: TYPES OF SHORT FICTION

Early Forms: Parable, Fable, and Tale
                 Aesop, The Wolf and the Mastiff
                 Petronius, The Widow of Ephesus
The Short Story
The Nonrealistic Story
The Short Novel

CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF FICTION

Plot and Structure
                 Frank O'Connor, Guests of the Nation
Character
                 Kay Boyle, Astronomer's Wife
Setting
                 Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh
Point of View
                 William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Language and Style
                 James Joyce, Araby
Theme
                 Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Irony and Symbol
                 D.H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner

CHAPTER 4: WRITING ABOUT FICTION

Reasons for Writing About Fiction
Informal Ways of Writing About Fiction
                 Annotation
Katherine Anne Porter, Magic
                 Freewriting
Formal Ways of Writing About Fiction
Student Papers on Fiction
Questions for Writing about Fiction
Suggestions for Writing

CHAPTER 5: TWO FICTION WRITERS IN CONTEXT

Reading Edgar Allan Poe and Flannery O'Connor In Depth
Questions for In-Depth Reading
Edgar Allan Poe in Context
                 Poe and Journalism
                 Poe and the Horror Story
                 Poe and the Detective Story
                 The Dimension of Style
Edgar Allan Poe: Stories
                 The Black Cat
                 The Cask of Amontillado
                 The Fall of the House of Usher
                 The Purloined Letter
Writer Inspired by Edgar Allan Poe
                 Joyce Carol Oates, The Artist
Edgar Allan Poe: Essays
Critics on Poe
Flannery O'Connor in Context
                 Southern Gothic
                 The Catholic Dimension
                 O'Connor's Irony
Flannery O'Connor: Stories
                 Good Country People
                 A Good Man Is Hard to Find
                 Everything That Rises Must Converge
                 The Life You Save May Be Your Own
Writer Inspired by Flannery O'Connor
                 Mary Hood, How Far She Went
Flannery O'Connor: Essays and Letters
Critics on O'Connor

CHAPTER 6: A COLLECTION OF SHORT FICTION

Sherman Alexie, Indian Education
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
Charles Baxter, Gryphon
Jorge Luis Borges, The Garden of Forking Paths (translated by Donald Yates)
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Anton Chekhov, The Kiss (translated by Constance Garnett)
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Winter Dreams
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings (translated by Gregory Rabassa)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
Ha Jin, Taking a Husband
James Joyce, The Boarding House
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis (translated by Alexis Walker)
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Alistair MacLeod, There is a Season
Lorrie Moore, Community Life
Alice Munro, Friend of My Youth
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Frank O'Connor, My Oedipus Complex
Tillie Olson, I Stand Here Ironing
Carol Shields, Dressing Up for the Carnival
Leslie Marmon Silko, Yellow Woman
Amy Tan, Rules of the Game
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.

New Voices
Maile Meloy,
                 Ranch Girl
Timothy A. Westmoreland,
                 Darkening of the World

Literature in the News
                 Catcher in the Rye
                  Bad Writing
                  Oprah's Book Club
                  The Best Book in the World

PART TWO: POETRY

CHAPTER 7: READING POEMS

The Experience of Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Reading in Context
The Interpretation of Poetry
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
                 Reading in Context
The Evaluation of Poetry
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
The Act of Reading Poetry
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz

CHAPTER 8: TYPES OF POETRY

Narrative Poetry
Lyric Poetry

CHAPTER 9: ELEMENTS OF POETRY

Voice: Speaker and Tone
                 Stephen Crane, War Is Kind
                 Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
                 Muriel Stuart, In the Orchard
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, [Thou art indeed just, Lord]
                 Anonymous, Western Wind
                 Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
                 Jacques Prevert, Family Portrait
Diction
                 William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud
                 Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
                 William Wordsworth, It is a beauteous evening
                 Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
                 Adrienne Rich, Rape
Imagery
                 Elizabeth Bishop, First Death in Nova Scotia
                 William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
                 Robert Browning, Meeting at Night
                 H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), Heat
                 Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
Figures of Speech: Simile and Metaphor
                 William Shakespeare, That time of year thou may'st in me behold
                 John Donne, Hymn to God the Father
                 Robert Wallace, The Double-Play
                 Louis Simpson, The Battle
                 Judith Wright, Woman to Child
Symbolism and Allegory
                 Peter Meinke, Advice to My Son
                 Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
                 William Blake, A Poison Tree
                 Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken
                 George Herbert, Virtue
                 Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death
Syntax
                 John Donne, The Sun Rising
                 Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed
                 William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death
                 Robert Frost, The Silken Tent
                 e.e. cummings, Me up at does
                 Stevie Smith, Mother Among the Dustbins
Sound: Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, In the Valley of the Elwy
                 Thomas Hardy, During Wind and Rain
                 Alexander Pope, Sound and Sense
                 Bob McKenty, Adam's Song
                 May Swenson, The Universe
                 Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
Rhythm and Meter
                 Robert Frost, The Span of Life
                 George Gordon, Lord Byron The Destruction of Sennacherib
                 Anne Sexton, Her Kind
                 William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Structure: Closed Form and Open Form
                 William Shakespeare, That tmie of year thou may'st in me behold
                 John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
                 Walt Whitman, When I heard the learn'd astronomer
                 e. e. cummings, el(a
                 e. e. cummings, [Buffalo Bill's]
                 William Carlos Williams, The Dance
                 Denise Levertov, O Taste and See
                 Theodore Roethke, The Waking
                 C. P. Cavafy, The City (translated by Edmund Keeley and Phillip Sherrard)
Theme
                 Emily Dickinson, Crumbling is not an instant's Act

CHAPTER 10: TRANSFORMATIONS

Revisions
                 William Blake, London
                 William Butler Yeats, A Dream of Death
                 Emily Dickinson, The Wind begun to knead (rock) the Grass
                 D. H. Lawrence, Piano
                 Langston Hughes, Ballad of Booker T.
Parodies
                 William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
                 Kenneth Koch, Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, Carrion Comfort
                 Gary Layne Hatch, Terrier Torment; or, Mr.Hopkins and His Dog
                 William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day
                 Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day
                 Robert Frost, Dust of Snow
                 Bob McKenty, Snow on Frost
Poems and Paintings
                 Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night
                 Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
                 Francesco de Goya, The Third of May, 1808
                 David Gewanter Goya's The Third of May, 1808
                 Pieter Breughel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
                 W. H. Auden, MusŽe des Beaux Arts
                 Pieter Breughel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow
                 Joseph Langland, Hunters in the Snow
                 William Blake, The Sick Rose (watercolor)
                 William Blake, The Sick Rose (poem)
                 Henri Matisse, Dance
                 Natalie Safir, Matisse's Dance
                 Cathy Song, Girl Powdering Her Neck
                 Kitagawa Utamaro, Girl Powdering Her Neck
                 Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman with a Water Jug
                 Stephen Mitchell, Vermeer
                 Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase
                 X.J. Kennedy, Nude Descending a Staircase
                 Gustav Klimt, The Kiss
                 Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Short Story on a Painting of Gustav Klimt
                 John Everett Millais, Ophelia
                 E.J. Bellocq, Ophelia
                 Natasha Trethewey, Bellocq's Ophelia
                 Lun-Yi Tsai, Disbelief
                 Lucille Clifton, Tuesday 9/11/01

CHAPTER 11: WRITING ABOUT POETRY

Reasons for Writing About Poetry
Informal Ways of Writing About Poetry
                 Annotation
                 Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
                 Freewriting
                 Robert Graves, Symptoms of Love
Formal Ways of Writing About Poetry
                  Sylvia Plath, Mirror
Student Papers on Poetry
Questions for Writing about Poetry
Suggestions for Writing

CHAPTER 12: THREE POETS IN CONTEXT

Reading Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes in Depth
Questions for In-Depth Reading
Emily Dickinson in Context
                 The Nineteenth-Century New England Literary Scene
                  Dickinson and Modern Poetry
                  Dickinson and Christianity
                  Dickinson's Style
Emily Dickinson: Poems
                 Emily Dickinson, I cannot dance upon my Toes
                 Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society
                 199 I'm "wife"--I've finished that
                 258 There's a certain Slant of light
                 341 After great pain, a formal feeling comes
                 214 I taste a liquor never brewed
                 348 I dreaded that first Robin, so
                 986 A narrow Fellow in the Grass
                 1068 Further in Summer than the Birds
                 536 The Heart asks PleasureÑfirst
                 599 There is a pain--so utter
                 650 Pain--has an element of Blank
                 744 Remorse--is MemoryÑawake
                 280 I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
                 419 We grow accustomed to the Dark
                 449 I died for Beauty--but was scarce
                 465 I heard a Fly buzz--when I died
                 1078 The Bustle in a House
                 1100 The last Night that She lived
                 675 Essentials OilsÑare wrungÑ
                 328 Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
                 632 The brain is wider than the sky
                 1624 Apparently with no surprise
                 249 Wild Nights--Wild Nights!
                 1732 My life closed twice before its close
                 241 I like a look of Agony
                 435 Much Madness is divinest Sense
                 1129 Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
                 585 I like to see it lap the Miles
                 754 My Life had stood--a Loaded Gun
                 1463 A Route of Evanescence
Three Dickinson Poems with Altered Punctuation
Poets Inspired by Dickinson
                 Jane Kenyon, Notes from the Other Side
                 Jane Hirshfield, Three Times My Life Has Opened
                 Billy Collins, Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes
                 Linda Pastan, Emily Dickinson
                 Kay Ryan, Crash
Dickinson on Herself and her First Poems
Critics on Dickinson

Robert Frost in Context
                  Frost and Popularity
                  Frost and Nature
                  Frost and the Sonnet
                  Frost's Voices
Robert Frost: Poems
                 The Tuft of Flowers
                 Mending Wall
                 Birches
                 Home Burial
                 Putting in the Seed
                 Two Look at Two
                 Fire and Ice
                 Acquainted with the Night
                 Tree at my Window
                 Departmental
                 Desert Places
                 Design
                 Provide, Provide
                 The Most of It
Poets Inspired by Frost
                 Edward Thomas, When First
                 W.S. Merwin, Unknown Bird
                 Seamus Heaney, The Forge
                 Neal Bowers, Driving Lessons
Critical Comments by Frost
Critics on Frost

Langston Hughes in Context
                 The Harlem Renaissance
                 Hughes and Music
                  Hughes's Influences
                  Hughes's Style
Langston Hughes: Poems
                 Same In Blues
                 Dream Deferred
                 The Negro Speaks of Rivers
                 Mother to Son
                 I, Too
                 My People
                 The Weary Blues
                 Young Gal's Blues
                 Morning After
                 Trumpet Player
                 Dream Boogie
                 Madam and the Rent Man
                 Theme for English #B
                 Aunt Sue's Stories
                 Let America Be America Again
Poets Inspired by Hughes
                 Rita Dove, Testimonial
                 Michael Harper, Martin's Blues
                 Dudley Randall, The Ballad of Birmingham
                 Kevin Young, Langston Hughes
Hughes on Harlem, the Blues
Critics on Hughes

CHAPTER 13: A COLLECTION OF POEMS

A Selection of Classic Poems
                 Anonymous, Barbara Allan
                 Anonymous, Edward, Edward
                 William Blake, The Clod & the Pebble
                 William Blake, The Lamb
                 William Blake, The Tyger
                 William Blake, The Garden of Love
                 Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
                 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How do I Love Thee?
                 Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
                 Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
                 Samule Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
                 John Donne, Song
                 John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidden Mourning
                 John Donne, The Flea
                 John Donne, Death, be not proud
                 John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God
                 George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
                 Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
                 Thomas Hardy, Afterwards
                 George Herbert, The Altar
                 Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
                 Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
                 Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall: To a Young Child
                 A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
                 A. E. Housman, To an Athlete, Dying Young
                 Ben Jonson, On My First Son
                 Ben Jonson, Song: To Celia
                 John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
                 John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
                 John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
                 John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
                 Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
                 John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
                 John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont
                 Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
                 Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
                 Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Man
                 William Shakespeare, When in disgrace with fortune
                 and men's eyes

                 William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
                 William Shakespeare, Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame
                 William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
                 Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
                 Edmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strand
                 Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
                 Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
                 Walt Whitman, One's Self I Sing
                 Walt Whitman, A noiseless patient spider
                 William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
                 William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
                 Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me
A Selection of Modern Poems
                 W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
                 W. H. Auden, In Memory of W. B. Yeats
                 W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
                 W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939
                 Gwendolyn Brooks, We real cool
                 Gwendolyn Brooks, First fight. Then fiddle.
                 Gwendolyn Brooks, Song in the Front Yard
                 Countee Cullen, Incident
                 e. e. cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
                 e. e. cummings, I thank You God for most this amazing
                 Paul Laurence Dunbar, We wear the mask
                 T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
                 Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
                 D. H. Lawrence, Humming-bird
                 D. H. Lawrence, Snake
                 Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica
                 Claude McKay, The Tropics in New York
                 Marianne Moore, Poetry
                 Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
                 Sylvia Plath, Blackberrying
                 Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
                 Sylvia Plath, Morning Song
                 Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter
                 Ezra Pound, The Garden
                 John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
                 Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
                 Siegfried Sassoon, 'They'
                 Anne Sexton, Two Hands
                 William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
                 Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
                 May Swenson, Women
                 Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
                 Jean Toomer, Reapers
                 William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
                 William Carlos Williams, Dance Russe
                 William Carlos Williams, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
                 Richard Wilbur, The Death of a Toad
                 James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota
                 James Wright, A Blessing
                 William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
                 William Butler Yeats, The Wild Swans at Coole
                 William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
                 William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
                 William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old
A Selection of Contemporary Poems
                 Diane Ackerman, Spiders
                 Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Song #1
                 Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Song #2
                 Margaret Atwood, This is a Photograph of Me
                 Jimmy Santiago Baca, from Meditations on the South Valley XVII
                 Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Ogoun
                 Raymond Carver, Photograph of My Father in his Twenty-Second Year
                 Lucille Clifton, Homage to My Hips
                 Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Game
                 Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
                 Billy Collins, The History Lesson
                 Billy Collins, My Number
                 Wendy Cope, The Ted Williams Villanelle
                 Gregory Corso, Marriage
                 Mark Doty, Golden Retrievals
                 Rita Dove, Canary
                 Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
                 Nikki Giovanni, Ego Tripping
                 Nikki Giovanni, Nikki Rosa
                 Donald Hall, My son, my executioner
                 Robert Hass, Meditation at Lagunitas
                 Seamus Heaney, Digging
                 Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break
                 Michael Hogan, Kickoff
                 Aron Keesbury, To Waist
                 Jane Kenyon, Peonies at Dusk
                 Jane Kenyon, Otherwise
                 Jane Kenyon, Let Evening Come
                 Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
                 Michael Longley, The Butchers
                 Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire
                 Paul Muldoon, Lag
                 Sharon Olds, Size and Sheer Will
                 Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
                 Sharon Olds, 35/10
                 Robert F. Panara, On His Deafness
                 Linda Pastan, Ethics
                 Alberto Rios, A Dream of Husbands
                 Kraft Rompf, Waiting Table
                 Gertrude Schnackenberg, Signs
                 Cathy Song, Lost Sister
                 Gary Soto, Behind Grandma's House
                 Krishna Tateneni, Blindness
                 Baron Wormser, Friday Night
Poetry of the World
                 Yehuda Amichai (Israel), A Pity. We Were Such a Good Invention (Translated by Assia Gutmann)
                 Chairil Anwar (Indonesia) At the Mosque (Translated by Burton Rafael)
                 Matsuo Basho (Japan) Three Haiku (Translated by Robert Hass)
                 Rosario
                 Castellanos (Mexico) Chess (Translated by Maureen Ahern)
                 Bei Dao (China) Declaration (Translated by Bonnie McDougall)
                 Zbigniew Herbert (Poland) Pebble (Translated by Czeslaw Milosz and Peter Dale Scott)
                 Osip Mandelstam (Russia) The Stalin Epigram (Translated by
                 Clarence Brown and W.S. Merwin)
                 Czeslaw Milosz (Poland), A Song on the End of the World (Translated by Anthony Milosz)
                 Pablo Neruda (Chile) Ode to My Socks (Translated by Robert Bly)
                 Boris Pasternak (Russia), Hamletm(Translated by Jon Stallworthy and Peter France)
                 A.K. Ramanujan (India), Pleasure
                 Wole Soyinka (Nigeria), Hamlet
                 Derek Walcott (Caribbean), Sea Grapes

New Voices
Kay Ryan
                 Mockingbird
                 Your Face Will Stick
                 Blandeur
                 All Shall Be Restored
Simon Armitage
                 Zoom
                 Poem
                 Drawing the Arctic Circle
                 On an Owd Piktcha

Literature in the News
                 Billy Collins, The Bard of Simple Things
                 Celebrating Poetry: National Poetry Day/Month
                 September 11th: American Poets Respond
                 Aliki Barnstone, Making Love After September 11, 2001
                 Bart Edelman, Coat of Sorrow
                 Alicia Ostriker, The window, at the moment of flame
                 Billy Collins, The Names

PART THREE: DRAMA

CHAPTER 14: READING PLAYS

The Experience of Drama
Isabella Augusta Persse, Lady Gregory
                 The Rising of the Moon
The Interpretation of Drama
The Evaluation of Drama

CHAPTER 15: TYPES OF DRAMA

Tragedy
Comedy

CHAPTER 16: ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

Plot
Character
Dialogue
                 Subtext
Staging
Symbolism and Irony
Theme

CHAPTER 17: WRITING ABOUT DRAMA

Reasons for Writing about Drama
Informal Ways of Writing About Drama
                 Annotation
                 Double-Column Notebook
Formal Ways of Writing About Drama
Student Papers on Drama
Questions for Writing About Drama
Questions for In-Depth Reading
Suggestions for Writing

CHAPTER 18: THE GREEK THEATER: SOPHOCLES

Reading Sophocles in Context
                 Athens in the Golden Age
                 Greek Tragedy
                 Sophocles and His Works
                 Oedipus the King
Sophocles, Oedipus Rex (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)
Critics on Sophocles

CHAPTER 19: THE ELIZABETHAN THEATER: SHAKESPEARE

Reading Shakespeare in Context
                 London in the Age of Elizabeth
                 The Arts in the Age of Elizabeth
                 Stagecraft in the Elizabethan Age
                 Shakespeare and His Works
William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Othello
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Critics on Shakespeare

Literature in the News:
                 In Love with Shakespeare
                 Shakespeare and Sexuality

CHAPTER 20: THE MODERN REALISTIC THEATER: IBSEN

Reading Ibsen in Context
                 Realism
                 A Note on the Theater of the Absurd
                 Ibsen, Exile, and Change
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House (translated by Rolf Fjelde)

CHAPTER 21: A COLLECTION OF MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY PLAYS

Anton Chekhov, A Marriage Proposal
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly
Eugene Ionesco, The Gap
Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother
ArthurnMiller, Death of a Salesman
Wendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer
Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest
August Wilson, Fences

New Voices
                 Mary Gallagher, Brother
                 Warren Leight, The Final Interrogation of Ceausescu's Dog

PART FOUR: RESEARCH AND CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES

CHAPTER 22: WRITING WITH SOURCES

Why Do Research About Literature
Clarifying the Assignment
Selecting a Topic
Finding and Using Sources
Using Computerized Databases
Using the Internet for Research
Developing a Critical Perspective
Developing a Thesis
Drafting and Revising
Conventions
Documenting Sources
Documenting Electronic Sources
Alternative Documentation Style: Endnotes and Footnotes
A Student Essay Using One Source as a Stimulus
Sample Research Papers

CHAPTER 23: CRITICAL THEORY: APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LITERATURE

Readings for Analysis
                 William Carlos Williams, The Use of Force (story)
                 Emily Dickinson, I'm "wife" ÐI've finished
that
(poem)
The Canon and the Curriculum
Formalist Perspectives
Biographical Perspectives
Historical Perspectives
Psychological Perspectives
Feminist and Marxist Perspectives
Reader-Response Perspectives
Mythological Perspectives
Structuralist Perspectives
Deconstructive Perspectives
Cultural Studies Perspectives
Using Critical Perspectives as Heuristics

Appendix: Poets' Lives

Glossary

Index

Electronic Texts

General Classics and Medieval English and American

Resources

General Classics and Medieval English and American Poetry Drama Awards

Supplemental Links

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