Abstract


Focus on form in Task-Based Language Teaching


Option 1: Focus on forms


Option 2: Focus on meaning


Option 3: Focus on form


Task-Based Language Teaching


Some useful sources on focus on form


Focus on form in Task-Based Language Teaching
Michael H. Long
University of Hawaii at Manoa

References

Curtiss, S. 1988. Abnormal language acquisition and the modularity of language. In F. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge survey. Linguistic theory: Extensions and implications, Vol. 2 (pp. 96-116). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Doughty, C. and Varela, E. In press. Communicative focus on form. In Doughty and Williams (in press-a), pp. 114-138.

Doughty, C. and Williams, J. In press-a. Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Doughty, C. and Williams, J. In press-b. Issues and terminology. In Doughty and Williams (in press-a), pp.1-11.

Doughty, C. and Williams, J. In press-c. Pedagogical choices in focus on form. In Doughty and Williams (in press-a), pp. 197-261.

Ellis, N. 1995. Consciousness in second language acquisition: a review of field studies and laboratory experiments. Language Awareness 4, 3, 123-146.

Ellis, R. 1989. Are classroom and naturalistic language acquisition the same? A study of the classroom acquisition of German word order rules. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11, 3, 305-328.

Ellis, R. 1994. The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Howatt, A.P.R. 1984. A history of English language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lightbown, P.M. 1983. Exploring relations between developmental and instructional sequences in L2 acquisition. In H.G. Seliger and M.H. Long (Eds.), Classroom- oriented research in second language acquisition (pp. 217-243). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Long, M.H. 1983. Does second language instruction make a difference? A review of research. TESOL Quarterly 17, 3, 359-382.

Long, M.H. 1985. A role for instruction in second language acquisition: Task-based language teaching. In K. Hyltenstam and M. Pienemann (Eds.), Modeling and assessing second language acquisition (pp. 77-99). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Long, M.H. 1988. Instructed interlanguage development. In L.Beebe (Ed.), Issues in second language acquisition: Multiple perspectives (pp. 115-141). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Long, M.H. 1990. Maturational constraints on language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, 3, 251-286.

Long, M.H. 1991. Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology. In K. DeBot, R. Ginsberg, and C. Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign language research in crosscultural perspective (pp. 39-52). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Long, M.H. 1993. Second language acquisition as a function of age: Research findings and methodological issues. In K.Hyltenstam and A.Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language (pp. 196-221). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Long, M.H. 1997. Authenticity and learning potential in L2 classroom discourse. In G.M.Jacobs (Ed.), Language classrooms of tomorrow: Issues and responses (pp. 148- 169). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

Long, M.H. To appear. Task-based language teaching. Oxford: Blackwell.

Long, M.H. and Crookes, G. 1992. Three approaches to task-based syllabus design. TESOL Quarterly 26, 1, 27-56.

Long, M.H. and Robinson, P. In press. Focus on form: Theory, research, and practice. In C. Doughty and J. Williams (in press-a), pp. 15-41.

Long, M.H. and Ross, S. 1993. Modifications that preserve language and content. In M.L.Tickoo (Ed.), Simplification: Theory and applications (pp. 29-52). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

Mackey, A. 1995. Stepping up the pace: Input, interaction and interlanguage development: An empirical study of questions in ESL. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney.

Musumechi, D. 1997. An exploration of the historical relationship between theory and practice in second language teaching. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Newport, E. 1990. Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science 14, 1, 11-28.

Ortega, L. and Long, M.H. In press. The effects of models and recasts on the acquisition of object topicalization and adverb placement in L2 Spanish. Spanish Applied Linguistics 1, 1, 1997.

Pavesi, M. 1986. Markedness, discoursal modes, and relative clause formation in a formal and an informal context. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8, 1, 38-55.

Pienemann, M. 1984. Psychological constraints on the teachability of languages. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 6,2 186-214

Robinson, P. To appear. Task complexity and L2 syllabus design.

Robinson, P., Ting, S.C.-C., and Erwin, J.J. 1995. Investigating second language task complexity. RELC Journal 26, 2, 62-79.

Rutherford, W. 1988. Second language grammar: Teaching and learning. London: Longman.

Schmidt, R.W. 1983. Interaction, acculturation, and the acquisition of communicative competence: A case study of an adult. In N.Wolfson and E.Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 137-174). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Schmidt, R.W. 1993. Awareness and second language acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 13, 206-226.

Spada, N. 1997. Form-focused instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research. Language Teaching Abstracts 30, 73-87.

Spada, N. and Lightbown, P.M. 1993. Instruction and the development of questions in L2 classrooms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, 2, 205-224.

Swain, M. 1991. French immersion and its offshoots: Getting two for one. In B.Freed (Ed.), Foreign language acquisition: Research and the classroom (pp. 91-103). Lexington, MA: Heath.

White, L. 1991. Adverb placement in second language acquisition: some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom. Second Language Research 7, 2, 133-161.

Widdowson, H.G. 1972. The teaching of language as communication. English Language Teaching 27, 1, 15-19.

Wilkins, D. 1976. Notional syllabuses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Contact Us | Search | Home

Copyright ©1997 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use. Privacy Policy

For further information about this site contact mhhe_webmaster@mcgraw-hill.com. McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Corprate Link