Nation of Nations, Table of Contents

List of Maps and Charts
Preface to the Third Edition
Introduction

PART 1
THE CREATION OF A NEW AMERICA

CHAPTER 1 OLD WORLD, NEW WORLDS

The Meeting of Europe and America
Early North American Cultures
The European Background of American Colonization
Spain’s Empire in the New World
The Reformation in Europe
England’s Entry into the New World
COUNTERPOINT: The Role of Human Sacrifice
DAILY LIVES: “Barbaric” Dress-Indian and European
AFTER THE FACT: HISTORIANS RECONSTRUCT THE PAST
Tracking the First Americans

CHAPTER 2 THE FIRST CENTURY OF SETTLEMENT IN THE COLONIAL
SOUTH

English Society on the Chesapeake
Chesapeake Society in Crisis
From the Caribbean to the Carolinas
The Spanish Borderlands
COUNTERPOINT: Beyond the Black Legend
DAILY LIVES: A Taste for Sugar

CHAPTER 3 THE FIRST CENTURY OF SETTLEMENT IN THE COLONIAL
NORTH

The Founding of New England
New England Communities
The Middle Colonies
Adjustment to Empire
COUNTERPOINT: Bewitched by Salem Village
DAILY LIVES: A World of Wonders and Witchcraft

CHAPTER 4 THE MOSAIC OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA

Forces of Division
Slave Societies in the Eighteenth-Century South
Enlightenment and Awakening in America
Anglo-American Worlds of the Eighteenth Century
Toward the Seven Years’ War
COUNTERPOINT: The African-American Response to Enslavement
DAILY LIVES: Transatlantic Trials

PART 2
THE CREATION OF A NEW REPUBLIC

CHAPTER 5 TOWARD THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

The Seven Years’ War
The Imperial Crisis
Toward the Revolution
COUNTERPOINT: A Revolution Within a Revolution?
DAILY LIVES: Street Theater

CHAPTER 6 THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION

The Decision for Independence
The Fighting in the North
The Turning Point
The Struggle in the South
The World Turned Upside Down
COUNTERPOINT: Contrasting Views of Loyalists
DAILY LIVES: Radical Chic and the Revolutionary Generation
AFTER THE FACT: HISTORIANS RECONSTRUCT THE PAST
Black and White Southerners Worshipping Together

CHAPTER 7 CRISIS AND CONSTITUTION

Republican Experiments
The Temptations of Peace
Republican Society
From Confederation to Constitution
COUNTERPOINT: Radicalism and the American Revolution
DAILY LIVES: The Spirits of Independence

CHAPTER 8 THE REPUBLIC LAUNCHED

1789: A Social Portrait
The New Government
Expansion and Turmoil in the West
The Emergence of Political Parties
The Presidency of John Adams
COUNTERPOINT: Key Differences between Republicans and Federalists
DAILY LIVES: Exploring the Wondrous World

CHAPTER 9 THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLIC

Jefferson in Power
Jefferson and Western Expansion
Whites and Indians on the Frontier
The Second War for American Independence
America Turns Inward
COUNTERPOINT: Tecumseh Versus the Prophet
DAILY LIVES: The Frontier Camp Meeting

PART 3
THE REPUBLIC TRANSFORMED AND TESTED

CHAPTER 10 THE OPENING OF AMERICA

The Market Revolution
A Restless Temper
The Rise of Factories
Social Structures of the Market Society
Prosperity and Anxiety
COUNTERPOINT: Workers and Industrialization
DAILY LIVES: Floating Palaces of the West

CHAPTER 11 THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY

Equality and Opportunity
The New Political Culture of Democracy
Jackson’s Rise to Power
Democracy and Race
The Nullification Crisis
The Bank War
Van Buren and Depression
The Jacksonian Party System
COUNTERPOINT: How Democratic was Jacksonian Democracy?
DAILY LIVES: The Plain Dark Democracy of Broadcloth

CHAPTER 12 THE FIRES OF PERFECTIONISM

Revivalism and the Social Order
Women’s Sphere
American Romanticism
The Age of Reform
Abolitionism
Reform Shakes the Party System
COUNTERPOINT: Reform and Social Control
DAILY LIVES: Domesticating the Middle-Class Home

CHAPTER 13 THE OLD SOUTH

The Social Structure of the Cotton Kingdom
Class Structure of the White South
The Peculiar Institution
Slave Culture
Southern Society and the Defense of Slavery
COUNTERPOINT: The Role of Religion in the Lives of Slaves
DAILY LIVES: A Slave’s Daily Bread

CHAPTER 14 WESTERN EXPANSION AND THE RISE OF THE SLAVERY
ISSUE

Manifest (and Not so Manifest) Destinies
The Trek West
The Political Origins of Expansion
New Societies in the West
Escape from Crisis
COUNTERPOINT: Women in the West
DAILY LIVES: Seeing the Elephant on the Overland Trail

CHAPTER 15 THE UNION BROKEN

Sectional Changes in American Society
The Political Realignment of the 1850s
The Worsening Crisis
The Road to War
COUNTERPOINT: Lincoln’s Motives for Resupplying Fort Sumter
DAILY LIVES: Uncle Tom by Footlights

CHAPTER 16 TOTAL WAR AND THE REPUBLIC

The Demands of Total War
Opening Moves
Emancipation
The Confederate Home Front
The Union Home Front
Gone to Be a Solider
The Union’s Triumph
The Impact of War
COUNTERPOINT: Who Brought an End to Slavery?
DAILY LIVES: Hardtack, Salt Horse, and Coffee
AFTER THE FACT: HISTORIANS RECONSTRUCT THE PAST
The New York Draft Riots

CHAPTER 17 RECONSTRUCTING THE UNION

Presidential Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction in the South
Black Aspirations
The Abandonment of Reconstruction
COUNTERPOINT: Should Johnson have Been Removed from Office?
DAILY LIVES: The Black Sharecropper’s Cabin

PART 4
THE UNITED STATES IN AN INDUSTRIAL AGE

CHAPTER 18 THE RISE OF A NEW INDUSTRIAL ORDER

The Development of Industrial Systems
Railroads: America’s First Big Business
The Growth of Big Business
The Workers’ World
The Systems of Labor
COUNTERPOINT: American Business Leaders: Robber Barons or Industrial
Statesmen?
DAILY LIVES: The Rise of Information Systems

CHAPTER 19 THE RISE OF AN URBAN ORDER

A New Urban Age
Running and Reforming the City
City Life
City Culture
COUNTERPOINT: Immigrants Who Came and Why?
DAILY LIVES: The Vaudeville Show

CHAPTER 20 THE NEW SOUTH AND THE TRANSMISSISSIPPI WEST

The Southern Burden
Social Life in the New South
The Transformed West
The War for the West
Boom and Bust in the West
The Final Frontier
COUNTERPOINT: How to Define the Frontier?
DAILY LIVES: The Frontier Kitchen of the Plains
AFTER THE FACT: HISTORIANS RECONSTRUCT THE PAST
Where Have All the Bison Gone?

CHAPTER 21 THE FAILURE OF TRADITIONAL POLITICS

The Politics of Paralysis
The Revolt of the Farmers
The Depression 1893
The New Realignment
Visions of Empire
Stirrings of Empire
The Imperial Moment
The Roots of Russian-American Conflict
COUNTERPOINT: The Origins of the Welfare State
DAILY LIVES: The New Navy

CHAPTER 22 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

The Roots of Progressive Reform
The Search for the Good Society
Controlling the Masses
The Politics of Municipal and State Reform
Progressivism Goes to Washington
Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality
COUNTERPOINT: What Was Progressivism?
DAILY LIVES: “Amusing the Million”

CHAPTER 23 THE UNITED STATES AND THE OLD WORLD ORDER

Progressive Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy
The Road to War
War and Society
The Lost Peace
COUNTERPOINT: Why Did the United States Go to War?
DAILY LIVES: The Doughboys Abroad

PART 5
THE PERILS OF DEMOCRACY

CHAPTER 24 THE NEW ERA

The Roaring Economy
A Mass Society
Defenders of the Faith
Republicans Ascendant
COUNTERPOINT: Were the 1920s a Sharp Break with the Past?
DAILY LIVES: The Beauty Contest

CHAPTER 25 CRASH AND DEPRESSION

The Great Bull Market
The American People in the Great Depression
The Tragedy of Herbert Hoover
COUNTERPOINT: What Caused the Great Depression?
DAILY LIVES: The Control of Narcotics

CHAPTER 26 THE NEW DEAL

The Early New Deal (1933-1935)
A Second New Deal (1935-1936)
The New Deal and the American People
The End of the New Deal (1937-1940)
COUNTERPOINT: Assessing the New Deal
DAILY LIVES: Post Office Murals

CHAPTER 27 AMERICA’S RISE TO GLOBALISM

The United States in a Troubled World
A Global War
Those Who Fought
War Production
A Question of Rights
Winning the War and the Peace
COUNTERPOINT: Did Roosevelt Deliberately Invite War?
DAILY LIVES: Air Power Shrinks the Globe
AFTER THE FACT: HISTORIANS RECONSTRUCT THE PAST
Did the Atomic Bomb Save Lives?

PART 6
THE UNITED STATES IN A NUCLEAR AGE

CHAPTER 28 COLD WAR AMERICA

The Rise of the Cold War
Postwar Prosperity
The Cold War at Home
From Cold War to Hot War and Back
COUNTERPOINT: What Were Stalin’s Intentions?
DAILY LIVES: Film Noir in an Uncertain Cold War

CHAPTER 29 THE SUBURBAN ERA

The Rise of the Suburbs
The Culture of Suburbia
The Politics of Calm
Nationalism in an Age of Superpowers
Civil Rights and the New South
Cracks in the Consensus
COUNTERPOINT: Assessing Eisenhower
DAILY LIVES: The New Suburbia

CHAPTER 30 LIBERALISM AND BEYOND

A Liberal Agenda for Reform
New Frontiers
The Civil Rights Crusade
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
The Counterculture
COUNTERPOINT: What Triggered the Upheavals of the 1960s?
DAILY LIVES: The Politics of Dress

CHAPTER 31 THE VIETNAM ERA

The Road to Vietnam
Social Consequences of the War
The Unraveling
The Nixon Era
“Silent” Majorities and Vocal Minorities
The End of an Era
COUNTERPOINT Responsibility for the Vietnam War
DAILY LIVES The Race to the Moon

CHAPTER 32 THE AGE OF LIMITS

The Limits of Reform
Political Limits: Watergate
A Ford, Not a Lincoln
Jimmy Carter: Restoring the Faith
COUNTERPOINT Interpreting the Environmental Movement
DAILY LIVES Fast-Food America
AFTER THE FACT: HISTORIANS RECONSTRUCT THE PAST
The Contested Ground of Collective Memory

CHAPTER 33 A NATION STILL DIVISIBLE

The Conservative Rebellion
Prime Time with Ronald Reagan
Second-Term Blues
An End to the Cold War
A Nation of Nations in the Twenty-First Century
COUNTERPOINT Defining the New Conservatism
DAILY LIVES Life in the Underclass

APPENDIX

Declaration of Independence
The Constitution of the United States of America
Presidential Elections
Presidential Administrations
Justices of the Supreme Court
A Social Profile of the American Republic
Bibliography
Photo Credits
Index

LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS

Principal Routes of European Exploration
Indians of North America, Circa 1500
Spanish America, Circa 1600
European Explorations: Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Colonies of the Chesapeake
The African Transatlantic Trade: 1450-1760
The Carolinas and the Caribbean
Spanish Missions in North America, Circa 1675
Early New England
Patterns of Settlement in the Eighteenth Century
Estimated Population by Region, 1720-1760
Estimated Population by Colonial Cities, 1720-1770
The Distribution of the American Population, 1775
Overseas Trade Networks
The Seven Years’ War in America
European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763
The Appalachian Frontier, 1750-1775
Patterns of Allegiance
The Fighting in the North, 1775-1777
The Fighting in the South, 1780-1781
Western Land Claims, 1782-1802
The Ordinance of 1785
Ratification of the Constitution
Subsistence and Commercial America
Hamilton’s Financial System
Election of 1800
Exploration and Expansion: The Louisiana Purchase
The Frontier Camp Meeting
The Indian Response to White Encroachment
American Imports and Exports, 1790-1820
The War of 1812
The Transportation Network of a Market Economy, 1840
Time of Travel, 1800-1830
Prices of Corn, Wheat, and Western Land, 1815-1860
Land Sales, 1815-1860
The Development of the Lowell Mills, 1823-1859
The Missouri Compromise and The Union’s Boundaries in 1820
Election of 1824
Indian Removal
The Spread of White Manhood Suffrage
Election of 1840
Annual Consumption of Distilled Spirits, Per Capita, 1710-1920
Cotton and the Other Crops of the South
The Spread of Slavery, 1820-1860
Southern Population, 1860
A Plantation Layout
Sioux Expansion and the Horse and Gun Frontier
The Mexican Borderlands
The Overland Trail
Election of 1844
The Mexican War
Territorial Growth and the Compromise of 1850
Railroads in 1850 and 1860, with Track Gauges
Proportion of Western Exports Shipped via New Orleans
Prices of Cotton and Slaves
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Election of 1860
The Pattern of Secession
Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861
The War in the West, 1861-1862
The War in the East, 1861-1862
The Changing Magnitude of Battle
The War in the East, 1863-1865
The War in the West, 1863-1865
The Attrition of War: Company D, 7th Virginia Infantry, Army of Northern Virginia
The Southern States During Reconstruction
A Georgia Plantation after the War
Election of 1876
Steel Production, 1880 and 1914
Occupational Distribution, 1880 and 1920
Railroads, 1870-1890
Boom and Bust Business Cycle, 1865-1900
Immigration and Population, 1860-1920
Growth of New Orleans to 1900
Tenant Farmers, 1900
Spending on Education in the South Before and After Disfranchisement
Natural Environment of the West
The Indian Frontier
The Mining and Cattle Frontiers
The Voting Public, 1860-1912
The Election of 1896
Imperialist Expansion, 1900
Balance of U.S. Imports and Exports, 1870-1910
The Spanish-American War
The United States in the Pacific
Woman’s Suffrage
Republican and Democratic Parties’ Share of Popular Vote, 1860-1912
Election of 1912
Panama Canal-Old and New Transoceanic Routes
American Interventions in the Caribbean, 1898-1930
The Course of War in Europe, 1914-1917
Election of 1916
The Final German Offensive and Allied Counterattack, 1918
Areas of Population Growth
Election of 1928
Unemployment, 1925-1945
Federal Budget and Surplus/Deficit, 1920-1940
Election of 1932
Unemployment Relief, 1934
The Tennessee Valley Authority
Election of 1936
What the New Deal Did
World War II in Europe and North Africa
The U-Boat War
Pacific Campaigns of World War II
The Impact of World War II on Government Spending
Cold War Europe
Election of 1948
The Korean War
The United States Birth Rate, 1900-1989
Average Annual Regional Migration, 1947-1960
Asian Trouble Spots
Election of 1960
The World of the Superpowers
Civil Rights: Patterns of Protest and Unrest
Growth of Government, 1955-1990
The War in Vietnam
Levels of U.S. Troops in Vietnam (at Year End)
Election of 1968
Oil and Conflict in the Middle East, 1948-1988
OPEC Oil Prices, 1973-1987
Income Projections of Two-Income Families, 1967-1984
Election of 1980
Poverty in America, 1970-1990
The Federal Budget and Surplus/Deficit, 1945-1990
Central American Conflicts, 1974-1990
War with Iraq: Operation Desert Storm
Election of 1992
Election of 1996
Projected Population Shifts, 1980-2050

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1 THE CREATION OF A NEW AMERICA