Nation of Nations 3/e Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, and Stoff
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KEY EVENTS

1890 New England Kitchen opens: Ellen Richard seeks to sell cheap, wholesome food to the working poor

General Federation of Women's Clubs organized: women's clubs across the nation organize and soon become instruments of reform, especially for women and children

1892 Sierra Club founded: John Muir organizes the group to preserve the environment in its natural state

1893 Illinois legislature enacts 8-hour workday law for women: first 8-hour workday law for women

Anti-Saloon League created: seeks to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages by outlawing the saloon

1895 United States v. E. C. Knight: drawing a fine line between manufacturing and commerce, Supreme Court rules that the Sherman Anti-Trust Act applies only to monopolies involved in interstate commerce, thereby permitting the E. C. Knight company to continue owning 98 percent of the sugar refining business in America

1899 National Consumers League created: Progressive organization to protect consumers and workers from exploitation

1900 Robert La Follette elected governor of Wisconsin: begins to implement the Progressive reforms known as the "Wisconsin Idea"

Galveston, Texas creates first Commission form of government: following a devastating hurricane, the city of Galveston, Texas, creates first commission form of government to organize relief and recovery

1901 Leon Czolgnosz assassinates President McKinley: Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

Socialist Party of America founded: Eugene Debs offers a socialist reform program

1902 Bureau of the Census created: Progressives seek to collect accurate information to organize and reform government

Northern Securities Company dissolved under Sherman Antitrust Act: government brings successful antitrust suit to dissolve the giant Northern Securities Company

Anthracite coal miners' strike in Pennsylvania: a successful strike supported by President Roosevelt

Maryland adopts first Workers' compensation law: to compensate workers injured on the job

1903 Department of Labor and Commerce created: a step toward stricter regulation of business

Elkins Act ends railroad rebates: Congress and railroads seek reform

Wisconsin first state to enact direct primary: part of La Follette's reform package

1904 Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of the cities published: muckraking exposé of urban political corruption

Theodore Roosevelt elected president: promises a "Square Deal"

1906 Hepburn Act strengthens Interstate Commerce Commission:

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle published: muckraking novel leads to passage of the Meat Inspection Act, which is followed by the Pure Food and Drug Act

Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug acts passed: first consumer protection laws

1907 William Jame’s Pragmatism published: James philosophy becomes important part of Progressive methods

1908 Muller v. Oregon upholds the right of states to regulate working hours of women: accepting Louis Brandeis' sociological evidence, Supreme Court upholds 10-hour workday law for women

William Howard Taft elected president: Roosevelt's hand-picked successor, wins presidency

1909 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy: Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger accused by Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot of accepting bribes to open public land

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire: factory fire kills 146 workers, mainly young women

1912 Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party nominates Theodore Roosevelt for presidency: Republican Party split

Woodrow Wilson elected president: in a four-way race, Democrat Woodrow Wilson defeats Republican William Howard Taft, Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs

1913 Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments allow for the enactment of federal income taxes and direct election of senators

Underwood-Simmons Tariff enacted: tariff revised downward for first time in decades

Federal Reserve Act passed: creates federally-controlled banking system

1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act passed: tightens antitrust laws

Federal Trade Commission created: government regulates competition

1916 Margaret Sanger organizes Birth Control League: promotes women’s control over their own bodies

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act passed: bans child labor

Woodrow Wilson reelected president: campaigns on many ideas proposed in Roosevelt’s New Nationalism

1917 Congress enacts Literacy test for new immigrants: responds to Progressive concerns about the effects of immigration

1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote

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