Table of Contents
CHAPTER
1
The Roots of Western Civilization: The Ancient
Middle East to 500 B.C.
Timeline: The Big Picture
Before Western Civilization
Out of Africa: The Paleolithic
Period, 600,000 - 10,000 B.C.
The Neolithic Period: The First
Stirrings of Agriculture, 10,000 - 3000 B.C.
Struggling with the Forces of Nature: Mesopotamia,
3000 - ca. 1000 B.C.
MAP 1.1: Mesopotamia and Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C. The Origins
of Western Civilization
Life in a Sumerian City
Gods and Goddesses of the River
Valley
The Development of Writing
Laws and Justice
Indo-Europeans: New Contributions
in the Story of the West
Rule of the God-King: Ancient Egypt, ca. 3100 - 1000
B.C.
Prosperity and Order:
The Old Kingdom, ca. 2700-2181 B.C.
Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing
Pyramids and the Afterlife
Changing Political Fortunes,
ca. 2200-1570 B.C.
Political Expansion: The New
Kingdom, 1570-1085 B.C.
MAP 1.2: The Ancient Near East, ca. 1450 B.C.
BIOGRAPHY Hatshepsut(ca. 1504-1482 B.C.) and Thutmose
(ca. 1482-1450 B.C.)
The Religious Experiment of
Akhenaten, ca.1377-1360 B.C.
The Twilight of the Egyptian
Empire, 1360-ca.1 B.C.
Merchants and Monotheists: Peoples of the Mediterranean
Coast, ca. 1300 - 500 B.C.
The Phoenicians: Traders
on the Sea
The People of the One God: Early
Hebrew History, 1500-900 B.C.
MAP 1.3: Mediterranean Coast in the First Millennium
B.C.
A Jealous God, 1300-587 B.C.
Judaism in Exile
Terror and Benevolence: The Growth of Empires, 1200-500
B.C.
The Age of Iron
Rule by Terror: The Assyrians,
911-612 B.C.
Babylonian Rule, 612-539 B.C.
Rule by Tolerance: The Persian
Empire, 539 Ð 500 B.C.
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 2
The Contest for Excellence: Greece, 2000-338
B.C.
Timeline: The Big Picture
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000 - 800 B.C.
The Greek Peninsula
MAP 2.1: The World of the Greeks
The Minoans, 2000-1450 B.C.
Mycenaean Civilization: The
First Greeks, 2000-1100 B.C.
From "Dark Ages" to Colonies
MAP 2.2 The Greek Colonies in About 500 B.C.
Heroic Values Preserved
The
Family of the Gods
Studying the Material World
Life in the Greek Poleis, 700-489 B.C.
The Invention of Politics
The Heart of the Polis
Fears and Attachments in Greek
Emotional Life
Athens: City of Democracy
Sparta: Model Military State
The Love of the Contest: Olympic
Games
Imperial Athens, 489-431 B.C.
The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.
MAP 2.3: The Persian Wars, 490-480 B.C.
Herodotus: The Father of History
Athens Builds an Empire, 477-431
B.C.
Artistic Athens
Greek Theater: Exploring Complex
Moral Problems
Destruction, Disillusion and a Search for Meaning
The Peloponnesian War, 431-404
B.C.
MAP 2.4: The Peloponnesian War, 432 B.C.
Biography Alcibiades (ca. 450 Ð 404 B.C.)
Philosophic Musings: Athens
Contemplates Defeat
Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations
in Greek Theater
Hippocrates and Medicine
The
Aftermath of War, 404 - 338 B.C.
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 3
The Poleis Become Cosmopolitan: The Hellenistic World,
323-150 B.C.
Timeline: The Big Picture
The Conquest of the Poleis
Tribal Macedonia
Philip II: Military Genius
Death of the King
Alexander's Conquests
A Young RulerÕs Legacy
MAP 3.1: AlexanderÕs Empire
The Successor Kingdoms, 323 - ca. 100 B.C.
MAP 3.2: The Successor Stated After the Death of Alexander
Egypt Under the Ptolemies
The Seleucids Rule Asia
Antigonids in Greece
East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms
Money in the New Cosmopolitan
Economies
Armies of the Hellenistic World
A True Cultural Blending?
Struggles and Successes: Life
in the Cosmopolitan Cities
Patronage, Planning, and Passion:
Hellenistic Art
Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism,
323-76 B.C.
The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion,
and Science
A Life of Learning
Theater and Literature
BIOGRAPHY Hipparchia (370? Ð 285? B.C.)
Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics:
Cosmopolitan Philosophy
New Religions of Hope
Hellenistic Science
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 4
Pride in Family and City: Rome from Its Origins through
The Republic, 753 - 44 B.C.
Timeline: The Big Picture
The Rise of Rome, 753 - 265 B.C.
A Great City Is Founded
The Etruscan Influence
The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753-509
B.C.
Governing an Emerging Republic
Informal Governance: Patrons
and Clients
MAP 4.1: City of Rome During the Late Republic
Dominating the Italian Peninsula
MAP 4.2: Italy, 265 B.C.
Family Life and City Life
A Pious, Practical People
Loyalty to the Family
The Challenges of Childhood
Life in the City
Expansion and Transformation, 265-133 B.C.
The Romans' Victorious Army
Wars of the Mediterranean, 264-134
B.C.
MAP 4.3: Expansion of the Roman Republic, 265-44 B.C.
An Influx of Slaves
BIOGRAPHY Publius Terentius Afer (ca. 190 Ð 159 B.C.)
- Terence
Economic Disparity and Social
Unrest
The Hellenizing of the Republic
Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility
and Beauty
Concrete: A New Building Material
Latin Comedy and the Great Prose
Writers, 240-44 B.C.
The Twilight of the Republic, 134 - 44 B.C.
The Reforms of the Gracchi,
133-123 B.C.
Populares vs. Optimates: The
Eruption of Civil Wars, 123-46 B.C.
Julius Caesar 100-44 B.C.
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 5
Territorial and Christian Empires: The Roman Empire,
31 B.C. to A.D. 410
Timeline: The Big Picture
The Pax Romana - 27 B.C. to A.D. 192
Augustus Takes Power
A New Form of Governing
Challenges to the Principate,
69-193
MAP 5.1: CITY OF ROME DURING THE EMPIRE
A Vibrant Far-Flung Empire
MAP 5.2: The Roman Empire, 44 B.C. Ð A.D. 284
Life During the Peace of Rome
A New Decadence
The Problem with Population
Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings
The Games
Crisis and Transformation, A.D. 192 - ca. 400
The Military Monarchy
The Reforms of Diocletian, 284-305
MAP 5.3: DiocletianÕs Division of the Empire, A.D. 293
The Capital Moves East
The Longing For Religious Fulfillment
Stoicism and Platonism
Mystery Cults
The Four Faces of Judaism
MAP 5.4: Israel at the Time of Jesus
The Jesus Movement
MAP 5.5: The Spread of Christianity to A.D. 311
Early Christian Communities
From Christian Persecution to the City of God, A.D.
64 - 410
Looking for Christian Scapegoats
Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor
The Empire Adopts Christianity
The New Roman
BIOGRAPHY Melanie the Younger
The Holy Life
The Influence of Holy People
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 6
A World Divided: Western Kingdoms, Byzantium, and the
Islamic World, ca. 376-1000
Timeline: The Big Picture
The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750
Life in a German Clan and Family
Germanic Clothing and Food
Heroic Society
Infiltrating the Roman Empire,
376-476
MAP 6.1: German Invasions, Fifth Century
Did Rome "Fall"?
The Growing Power of the Popes
Monasteries: Peaceful Havens
Rise and Fall of a Frankish
Dynasty, ca. 485-750
Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490-750
The Visigoths in Spain, 418-711
The Byzantine Empire, ca. 400 Ð 1000
Justinian and Theodora, 527-565
MAP 6.2: Map of JustinianÕs Conquests, ca. 560 Constantinople:
The Vibrant City in the East
Military Might and Diplomatic
Dealings
Breaking Away from the West
Converting the Slavs, 560 Ð
ca. 1000
MAP 6.3 : Map of the Byzantine Empire, Eighth Century
Islam 600 Ð 1000
The Prophet
The Religion
The Spread of Islam
MAP 6.4: The Expansion of Islam to 750
Creating an Islamic Unity
The Gracious Life
Forces of Disunity
MAP 6.5: Map of Islam, ca. 1000
Heirs to Hellenistic Learning
BIOGRAPHY A Muslim Scientist
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 7
The Struggle to Restore Order: The Middle Ages, ca.
750-1000
Timeline: The Big Picture
Bringing Order With Laws and Leadership
The Rule of Law
Anglo-Saxon England: Forwarding Learning and Law
MAP 7.1: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ca 700
The Venerable Bede: Recording
Science and History
Governing the Kingdom
Alfred the Great: King and Scholar
MAP 7.2: England in 886
Charlemagne and the Carolingians: A New European
Empire Charlemagne's Kingdom
MAP 7.3: The Empire of Charlemagne and the Anglo-Saxon
Kingdoms, ca 800
Linking Politics and Religion
Negotiating with Byzantium and
Islam
An Intellectual Rebirth
The Struggle for Order in the Church
Monasteries Contribute to an
Ordered World
Order Interrupted: Vikings and Other Invaders
MAP 7.4: Partition of the Carolingian Empire, 843 and
870
Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne's
Descendants
BIOGRAPHY A Carolingian Family
MAP 7.5: Invasions of Europe, Ninth and Tenth Centuries
"The Wrath of the Northmen":
Scandinavian Life and Values
Viking Travels and Conquests
An Age of Invasions: Assessing
the Legacy
Manors and Feudal Ties: Order Emerging From Chaos
Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations
on the Medieval Manor
Life in the Manorial Village
Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations
Among the Elite
Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine:
A Noble's Life
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 8
Order Perfected: The High Middle Ages, 1000-1300
Timeline: The Big Picture
Those Who Work: Agricultural Labor
Harnessing the Power of Water
and Wind
New Agricultural Techniques
The Population Doubles
MAP 8.1: German Migration Eastward
Those
Outside the Order: Town Life
Communes and Guilds: Life in
a Medieval Town
The Widening Web of Trade
MAP 8.2: Trade Routes, Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
The Glory of God: Church Architecture
The Rise of Universities
MAP 8.3: Medieval Universities
Scholasticism: The Height of
Medieval Philosophy
BIOGRAPHY Ram—, Lull
Discovering the Physical World
Those Who Fight: Nobles and Knights
Castles: Medieval Homes and
Havens
The Ideals of Chivalry
The Literature of Chivalry
In Praise of Romantic Love
Rise of Centralized Monarchies
England: From Conquest to Parliament
MAP 8.4: Medieval France, England, and Germany, Tenth
Through Fourteenth Centuries
The Spanish Reconquer Their
Lands
MAP 8.5: Christian Expansion in Iberia
France and its Patient Kings
The Myth of Universal Rule:
The Holy Roman Empire
Those Who Pray: Imperial Popes and Expanding Christendom
A Call for Church Reform
The Investiture Controversy
Christians on the March: Crusades,
1096-1291
MAP 8.6: The Early Crusades, 1096-1192
MAP 8.7: The Late Crusades, 1201-1270
Criticism of the Church
The Church Accommodates: Franciscans
and Dominicans
The Church Suppresses: The Albigensian
Crusade and the Inquisition
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond
the Classroom
CHAPTER 9
Despair in the West, Empires in the East: The Late Middle
Ages, ca. 1300-1500
Timeline: The Big Picture
Economic and Social Misery
Famine
The Black Death: Bubonic Plague
MAP 9.1: The Spread of the Black Death
The Peasants and Townspeople
Revolt
Imperial Papacy Besieged
Popes Move to Avignon
Things Get Worse: The Great
Schism
MAP 9.2: The Great Schism, 1378-1417 The Conciliar Movement
New Critics of the Church
More Destruction: The Hundred YearsÕ War, 1337-1453
England vs. France
MAP 9.3: The Hundred YearsÕ War, 1337-1453
BIOGRAPHY Edward: The Black Prince, 1330-1376
Joan of Arc
Results of the War
Responses to Disaster and Despair
William of Ockham Reconsiders
Scholasticism
New Literary Giants
A New View: Jan van Eyck
Empires in the East
Eastern Universalism: The Mongols
MAP 9.4: The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300
The Ottoman Empire, ca. 1300-1566
MAP 9.5: The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1566
Russia: The Third Rome
MAP 9.6: The Rise of Moscow
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 10
A New Spirit in West: The Renaissance, ca. 1300-1640
Timeline: The Big Picture
A New Spirit Emerges: Individualism, Realism, and
Activism
The Renaissance: A Controversial
Idea
Why Italy?
A Multifaceted Movement
Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement
BIOGRAPHY ISABELLA dÕESTE (1474-1539)
The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting
New Ideas
The Invention of the Printing
Press: Spreading New Ideas
MAP 10.1: THE SPREAD OF PRINTING BEORE 1500
The Politics of Individual Effort
The Italian City-States
MAP 10.2: ITALY IN 1454
Florence: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
Venice: The Serene Republic?
MAP 10.3: THE VENETIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
Milan and Naples: Two Principalities
The Papal States
The Art of Diplomacy
Individualism as Self-Interest: Life During the Renaissance
Competition and Crime in the
City-States
Growing Intolerance
Economic Boom Times
Slavery Revived
Finding Comfort in Family
Children's Lives
An Age of Talent and Beauty: Renaissance Culture
and Science
Artists and Artisans
Architecture: Echoing the Human
Form
Sculpture Comes into Its Own
Painting from a New Perspective
Science or Pseudoscience?
Leonardo da Vinci: The "Renaissance
Man"
Renaissance of the New Monarchies of the North: 1453-1640
France Under the Italian Influence
MAP 10.4: FRANCE IN THE FIFTENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES
English Humanism
Renaissance London: A Booming
City
England's Pride: William Shakespeare
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 11
"Alone Before God:" Religious Reform and Warfare 1500-1648
Timeline: The Big Picture
The Clash of Dynasties - 1515-1555
Land-Hungry Monarchs
MAP 11.1: EUROPE IN 1526
MAP 11.2: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1520-1566
The Changing Rules of Warfare
BIOGRAPHY MARTIN GUERRE (1524-1594)
Winners and Losers
The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1515-1544
A Tide of Religious Reform
The Best Path to Salvation?
Desiderus Erasumus: "Prince
of Humanists"
Luther's Revolution
Protestant Religious Ideas
The Reformed Church Takes Root
in Germany
Bringing Reform to the States
in Switzerland
Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers
Calvinism and the Growing Middle
Class
Henry VIII and the English Church
MAP 11.3: RELIGIONS IN EUROPE, CA. 1600
The Catholic Reformation
The Stirring of Reform in Spain
The Society of Jesus
The Council of Trent, 1545-1563
Catholics on the Offense
Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare,
1559-1648
French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598
A "Council of Blood" in the
Netherlands, 1566-1609
The Thirty-Years' War, 1618-1648
MAP 11.4: THE THIRTY YEARSÕ WAR, 1618-1648
Peace at Westphalia
MAP 11.5: EUROPE IN 1648
Life After the Reformation
New Definitions of Courtship
and Marriage
Forging a Link Between Education
and Work
Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity
Searching for Scapegoats: The
Hunt for Witches
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 12
Faith, Fortune, and Fame: European Expansion, 1450-1700
Timeline: The Big Picture
The World Imagined
The Lure of the "East"
Imagined Peoples
PtolemyÕs Map
The World Discovered
Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The
Drive to Explore
New Technologies and Travel
The Portuguese Race for the
East, 1450-1600
MAP 12.1: EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST: FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH
CENTURIES
SpainÕs Westward Discoveries,
1492-1522
The Northern Europeans Join
the Race, 1600-1650
MAP 12.2: EUROPEAN EXPANSION, CA. 1700
Confrontation of Cultures
The Original Americans
MAP 12.3: INDIGENOUS EMPIRES IN THE AMERICA, CA. 1500
Early Contacts
Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520-1550
Life and Death Under European
Rule, 1550-1700
The African Slave Trade
Gathering Souls in the New Lands
The World Market and Commercial Revolution
High Prices and Profits: Trading
on the World Stage
The Rise of Commercial Capitalism
Mercantilism: Controlling the
Balance of Trade
The Growth of Banking
The Danger of Overspending:
Spain Learns a Lesson
Redefining Work Roles
Piracy: Banditry on a World
Scale, 1550-1700
The World Transformed
European Culture Spreads
European Culture Transformed
A New Worldview
BIOGRAPHY MARIA SIBYLLA MERTAN (1647-1717)
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 13
The Struggle for Survival and Sovereignty, 1600-1715
Timeline: The Big Picture
Stresses in Traditional Society
Mounting Demands on Rural Life
Pressures on the Upper Orders
Royal Absolutism in France
Henry IV Secures the Monarchy
Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority
Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition
The "Sun King" Rises
MAP 13.1: FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV, 1661 Ð 1715
The Struggle for Sovereignty in Eastern Europe
MAP 13.2: Central and Eastern Europe, 1600
Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia
AustriaÕs Habsburgs Expand Their
Control
Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence
MAP 13.3: CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, 1640 Ð 1725.
The Triumph of Constitutionalism
The Nobility Loses Respect
Protestantism Revitalized
James I Invokes the Divine Right
of Kings
Charles I Alienates Parliament
"God Made Men and the Devil
Made Kings": Civil War, 1642-1649
MAP 13.4: THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, 1642 Ð 1646
The King Laid Low
A Puritan Republic Is Born:
The Commonwealth: 1649-1660 Who Has the Power to Rule?
The Monarchy Restored, 1660-1688
BIOGRAPHY SAMUEL PEPYS (1633 Ð 1703)
The Glorious Revolution
Royalism Reconsidered: John
Locke
The Netherlands: The Sovereignty
of Local Authority
MAP 13.5: THE UNITED PROVINCES AND THE SPANISH NETHERLANDS,
1609
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
CHAPTER 14
A New World of Reason and Motion: The Scientific Revolution
and the Enlightenment, 1600-1800
Timeline: The Big Picture
Questioning Truth and Authority
The Old View
Undermining the Old View
Developing a Modern Scientific View
Astronomy and Physics: From
Copernicus to Newton
The Revolution Spreads: Medicine,
Anatomy, and Chemistry
The Methodology of Science Emerges
Supporting and Spreading Science
Courts and Salons
The Rise of Royal Societies
Religion and the New Science
The New Worldview
Laying the Foundations for the Enlightenment
Science Popularized
Skepticism and Religion
Broadening Criticism of Authority
and Tradition
The Enlightenment in Full Stride
The Philosophes
The Encyclopedia
Battling the Church
Reforming Society
BIOGRAPHY JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)
The Culture and Spread of the
Enlightenment
Summary
Timeline: A Closer Look
Review, Analyze, and Anticipate
Beyond the Classroom
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