Book Cover  Psychology: Concepts and Applications 3e   Halonen
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Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, & Intelligence


Chapter Outline

Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

  1. The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
    1. Artificial Intelligence
    2. Expert Systems
  2. Thinking
    1. Concept Formation
    2. Problem Solving
      1. IDEAL Method
        1. identifying problems
        2. defining problems
        3. exploring alternative approaches
        4. acting on a plan
        5. looking at the effects
      2. Additional Components Involved in Problem Solving
        1. algorithms
        2. heuristics
          1. representative heuristic
          2. available heuristic
        3. functional fixedness
    3. Reasoning
      1. Inductive reasoning
        1. analogies
        2. metaphors
      2. Deductive reasoning
    4. Critical Thinking
      1. Thinking critically about behavior
      2. Critical thinking pitfalls
        1. substituting labels or names for explanations of behavior
        2. confusing correlation and causation
        3. explaining behavior with a single cause
        4. resisting coincidence as a reasonable cause
        5. ignoring evidence that conflicts with our beliefs
        6. taking too much credit for confirming predictions after-the-fact
    5. Creativity
      1. Convergent and Divergent Thinking
      2. Characteristics of creative people
        1. commitment to a persona aesthetic or style
        2. excellence in problem-finding skills
        3. willingness to take risks
        4. enthusiasm for getting feedback
        5. joy from intrinsic rather than extrinsic rewards
  3. Language
    1. What is Language?
      1. Definition
      2. Infinite Generativity
      3. Phonology
      4. Morphology
      5. Syntax
      6. Semantics
    2. How Language Develops
      1. Early development
        1. holophrase hypothesis
        2. telegraphic speech
      2. Critical periods in Language development
    3. Biological, Environmental, and Cultural Influences
      1. Biological Influences
      2. Environmental Influences
      3. Cultural Influences
        1. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
        2. language's role in achievement and school
  4. Intelligence
    1. The Nature of Intelligence
      1. Binet's Concept of Mental Age
      2. Terman's Concept of Intelligence Quotient
      3. Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
      4. Thurstone's Multiple-Factor Theory
      5. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
      6. Gardner's Frames of Intelligence
    2. Measuring Intelligence
      1. Reliability
      2. Validity
      3. Standardization
      4. Contemporary Intelligence Tests
        1. The Stanford Binet
        2. The Wechsler Scales
    3. Variations in Cognitive Ability
      1. Mental Retardation
        1. organic retardation
        2. cultural-familial retardation
      2. Learning Differences
      3. Giftedness
    4. Culture and Ethnicity
      1. The Heredity-environment controversy
      2. Cultural and Ethnic comparisons
      3. Culture, Intelligence, and Adaptation
      4. Cultural Bias and Culture-Fair Tests
    5. The Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests

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