An index of the central location within a distribution of scores; the most representative score in a distribution of scores (the mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency) (App.)

A type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that response (Ch. 6)

Therapy in which the goal is to reach one’s potential for self-actualization (Ch. 17)

A coiled tube filled with fluid that receives sound via the oval window or through bone conduction (Ch. 4)

The higher mental processes of humans, including how people know and understand the world, process information, make judgments and decisions, and describe their knowledge and understanding to others (Ch. 8)

The focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world (Ch. 10)

A process by which people’s faulty cognitions about themselves and the world are changed to more accurate ones (Ch. 17)

The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience (Ch. 12)

The conflict that occurs when a person holds two attitudes or thoughts (referred to as cognitions) that contradict each other (Ch. 18)

A mental representation of spatial locations and directions (Ch. 6)

The model that suggests that people’s thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior (Ch. 16)

The psychological model that focuses on how people know, understand, and think about the world (Ch. 1)

The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of cognition (Ch. 8)

The study of the thought processes that underlie learning (Ch. 6)

Psychotherapy based on Beck’s goal to change people’s illogical thoughts about themselves and the world (Ch. 17)

A set of influences we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past (Ch. 14)

A movement aimed toward preventing or minimizing psychological disorders in the community (Ch. 17)

The strong affection that we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved (Ch. 18)

Behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure (Ch. 18)

An urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable, even if the sufferer realizes it is unreasonable (Ch. 16)

Categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties (Ch. 8)

According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism (Ch. 12)

A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation at the sound of a tuning fork) (Ch. 6)

A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus (Ch. 6)

Cone-shaped, light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light (Ch. 4)

A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people (Ch. 18)

The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment (Ch. 5)

Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning that we give to events (Ch. 7)

Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs (Ch. 6)

A group that receives no treatment (Ch. 2)

The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic (Ch. 8)

A major somatoform disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg (Ch. 16)

The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress (Ch. 15)

The relationship between two sets of factors is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated” (Ch. 2)

A numerical measure that indicates the relationship between two variables (App.)

The combining of responses or ideas in novel ways (Ch. 8)

The first of several stages in prenatal development in which specific kinds of growth must occur if the individual is to develop normally (Ch. 12)

A research method in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time (Ch. 12)

A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by taking a number of different age groups and examining them over several points in time (Ch. 12)

The information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations (Ch. 9)

A test that does not discriminate against members of any minority group (Ch. 9)