Glossary

	Psychology: Concepts and Applications 3e Halonen
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Glossary

Glossary: I

iconic memory
	Memory that reflects information from our visual system (Ch. 7)

id
	The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality, whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses (Ch. 14)

identical twins
	Twins who are genetically identical (Ch. 12)

identity
	The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of (Ch. 13)

identity-versus-role-confusion stage
	According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of testing to determine one’s unique qualities (Ch. 13)

implicit memory
	Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior (Ch. 7)

incentive approaches to motivation
	The theory explaining motivation in terms of external stimuli (Ch. 10)

independent variable
	The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter (Ch. 2)

inductive reasoning
	A reasoning process whereby a general rule is inferred from specific cases, using observation, knowledge, experience, and beliefs (Ch. 8)

industry-versus-inferiority stage
	According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood during which children aged 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable (Ch. 12)

inferential statistics
	The branch of statistics that uses data from samples to make predictions about the larger population from which the sample is drawn (App.)

inferiority complex
	According to Adler, a situation in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world (Ch. 14)

information processing
	The way in which people take in, use, and store information (Ch. 12)

informed consent
	A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve (Ch. 2)

inhibited ejaculation
	The inability of a male to ejaculate when he wants to, if at all (Ch. 11)

inhibited sexual desire
	A sexual dysfunction in which the motivation for sexual activity is restrained or lacking entirely (Ch. 11)

inhibitory message
	A chemical secretion that prevents a receiving neuron from firing (Ch. 3)

initiative-versus-guilt stage
	According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action (Ch. 12)

insight
	A sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another (Ch. 8)

instincts
	Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned (Ch. 10)

intellectually gifted
	Two to four percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130 (Ch. 9)

intelligence
	The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges (Ch. 9)

intellectually gifted
	Two to four percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130 (Ch. 9)

intelligence quotient (IQ)
	A score that takes into account an individual’s mental and chronological age (Ch. 9)

intelligence tests
	Tests devised to identify a person’s level of intelligence (Ch. 9)

intellectually gifted
	Two to four percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130 (Ch. 9)

interference
	The phenomenon by which information in memory displaces or blocks out other information, preventing its recall (Ch. 7)

interneurons
	Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two (Ch. 3)

interpersonal attraction
	Positive feelings for others; liking and loving (Ch. 18)

intimacy-versus-isolation stage
	According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships (Ch. 13)

intrinsic motivation
	Motivation by which people participate in an activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them (Ch. 10)

introspection
	A procedure used to study the structure of the mind, in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus (Ch. 1)

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