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Psychology: Concepts and Applications 3e Halonen | |||||
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Psychology: Concepts and Applications 3e Halonen | |||||
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Glossary: R |
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| random assignment to condition | |
| A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone (Ch. 2) | |
| range | |
| The difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution (App.) | |
| rape | |
| The act whereby one person forces another to submit to sexual activity (Ch. 11) | |
| rapid eye movement (REM) sleep | |
| Sleep occupying 20 percent of an adult’s sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming (Ch. 5) | |
| rational-emotive therapy | |
| A form of therapy that attempts to restructure a person’s belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views (Ch. 17) | |
| reactance | |
| A disagreeable emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one’s freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens (Ch. 15) | |
| reciprocity-of-liking effect | |
| A tendency to like those who like us (Ch. 18) | |
| reflexes | |
| Unlearned, automatic, involuntary responses to an incoming stimulus (Ch. 3, Ch. 12) | |
| refractory period | |
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A temporary period following the resolution stage during which the male cannot be sexually aroused again (Ch. 11) |
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| rehearsal | |
| The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory (Ch. 7) | |
| reinforcement | |
| The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated (Ch. 6) | |
| reinforcer | |
| Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again (Ch. 6) | |
| reliability | |
| The concept that tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure (Ch. 9) | |
| replication | |
| The repetition of findings using other procedures in other settings, with other groups of participants, before full confidence can be placed in the validity of any single experiment (Ch. 2) | |
| resolution stage | |
| The point following orgasm in which the body returns to its normal state, reversing the changes brought about by arousal (Ch. 11) | |
| resting state | |
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The state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about –70 millivolts within the neuron (Ch. 3) |
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 reticular
formation |
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The part of the brain from the medulla through the pons made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal (Ch. 3) |
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| retina |
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The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light into useful information for the brain (Ch. 4) |
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| reuptake | |
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The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button (Ch. 3) |
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| reverse learning theory | |
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The theory that proposes that dreams have no meaning in and of themselves, but instead function to rid us of unnecessary information that we have accumulated during the day (Ch. 5) |
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| rods | |
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Long, cylindrical, light-sensitive receptors in the retina that perform well in poor light but are largely insensitive to color and small details (Ch. 4) |
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| Rorschach test | |
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A test developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach that consists of showing a series of symmetrical stimuli to people who are then asked what the figures represent to them (Ch. 14) |
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