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| 1. |
What two common observations give rise to our definition of personality? |
| 1. 1* |
Define personality. What three characteristics do the behaviors associated with personality typically have? |
| 2. |
What three standards are used to evaluate the usefulness of a personality theory? |
| 3. |
Which clinical phenomena convinced Freud of the power of the unconscious mind? |
| 3. 1* |
What methods did Freud use to uncover unconscious material? |
| 4. |
How did hydraulic systems of his time contribute to Freud’s psychodynamic concepts? |
| 4. 1* |
Differentiate between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mental events. Be able to give an example of each. |
| 5. |
Discuss the roles of the pleasure principle, the reality principle, and identification in relation to Freud’s three personality structures. |
| 6. |
Why is the ego sometimes referred to as the "executive of the personality?" |
| 7. |
How and why do defense mechanisms develop? What specific forms do they take? |
| 8. |
How does each of Freud’s psychosexual stages contribute to adult personality? |
| 8. 1* |
What is a major shortcoming of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? |
| 9. |
Describe how Shevrin et al. tried to establish the existence of unconscious psychodynamics. What were their findings? |
| 10. |
What are the major difficulties in testing psychoanalytic theory? What are the current status of unconscious processes and psychosexual development? |
| 11. |
Explain how the neoanalytic theorists Adler and Jung departed from Freudian theory. What is the focus of the object relations approach? |
| 12. |
What is meant by self-actualization? How does this concept conflict with Freud’s conception of human nature? |
| 13. |
Describe the roles of self-consistency and congruence in Rogers’s self theory. How do these concepts relate to adjustment? |
| 14. |
How do conditions of worth develop and how can they hinder adjustment? |
| 15. |
How do differences in self-esteem affect behavior? What conditions affect self-esteem development? |
| 16. |
Define self-verification and self-enhancement. What research evidence is there to support these processes? Under what conditions are they pitted against one another? |
| 17. |
What cultural and gender differences have been found in self-concept research? |
| 17. 1* |
What criticisms does the book present regarding humanistic theories of personalities? |
| 17. 2* |
What did Rogers’ studies of the difference between the ideal self and the perceived self of psychotherapy clients reveal? |
| 18 |
How is factor analysis based on correlation, and how is it used to identify personality traits? |
| 19. |
What does OCEAN stand for in the five factor model? |
| 20. |
What are the predictive advantages of (a) broad general traits and (b) narrow, specific ones? What’s the research evidence? |
| 21. |
In Eysenck’s theory, what are the biological bases for individual differences in extraversion and stability. |
| 22. |
What do twin studies suggest about the respective roles of (a) genetic factors, (b) family environment, and (c) individual environment in personality traits? |
| 23. |
According to evolutionary theorists, what is the origin of the Big Five factors? |
| 24. |
How does research evidence bear on the assumption of stability across time and across situations? |
| 25. |
What three factors influence behavioral stability predicted from personality traits? |
| 25. 1* |
What challenges confront the trait approach to personality? |
| 26. |
Describe Type A, Type B, and Type C personalities, as well as the risk factors inherent in the Type A and Type C patterns. |
| 27. |
How do differences in optimism-pessimism and conscientiousness relate to health and longevity? |
| 27. 1* |
What is the social cognitive approach to personality? Name some prominent social cognitive theorists. |
| 28. |
How does reciprocal determinism apply to Julia’s personality pattern? Specify the two-way causal links. |
| 29. |
Define expectancy and reinforcement value and explain how they influence behavior in Rotter's theory. |
| 30. |
Describe Rotter’s concept of locus of control and how it affects behavior. |
| 31. |
Define self-efficacy. What four sources of information influence efficacy beliefs? |
| 32. |
Summarize 6 principles of effective goal setting. |
| 33. |
Describe the 5 person variables that constitute the CAPS? |
| 34. |
What are behavioral signatures? How do they explain situational consistency and inconsistency in behavior? |
| 34. 1* |
What are some strengths of the social cognitive approach to personality? |
| 35. |
How do the personality perspectives differ in terms of (a) the structure of personality, (b) major personality processes; (c) personality development, and (d) roots of maladjustment. |
| 36. |
Cite 6 methods that can be used to measure personality variables. |
| 37. |
What is a structured interview? What are its advantages over informal approaches? |
| 38. |
How are behavioral assessments designed, and what 3 questions are they designed to answer? |
| 39. |
Describe remote behavioral sampling procedures and the types of reports that can be collected. |
| 40. |
Contrast the rational and empirical approaches to personality test development. Give an example of a test developed by each approach. |
| 41. |
What is the assumption underlying projective tests? Describe two widely used projective tests. |
| 42. |
What kinds of personality measures are favored within the various perspectives? |
