T

tardive dyskinesia Uncontrollable physical behaviors, including grotesque facial movements, that are an apparently irreversible side effect of prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs. 16

tasks Goals we set for ourselves, the ideals for which we strive. 13

telegraphic speech The tendency of very young children to construct short sentences made up entirely of nouns and action verbs, without articles, conjunctions, or modifiers, for example, “car go.” 9

temperament A relatively stable behavioral disposition that can be seen in an individual’s behavior. 10

temporal lobes The area of each cerebral hemisphere that is concerned with hearing and visual processing. 3

test-retest A procedure for administering a test to the same people on more than one occasion to measure its reliability. 14

texture gradients An influence on depth perception in which highly textured near objects appear coarser, and more distant ones appear finer. 4

thalamus A structure above the midbrain that relays information from the sensory organs to the cerebral cortex. 3

that’s-not-all technique A compliance strategy in which a small, usually preplanned concession is made to “sweeten” the deal. 18

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A projective psychological test in which a subject’s responses to a series of cards with ambiguous scenes are analyzed on an individual basis. 14

time out An operant-conditioning therapy technique that involves following undesirable behavior with a period of time away from positive reinforcement. 16

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon The experience of feeling as though something is stored somewhere in one’s memory but cannot be located quickly. 7

token economies Structured environments in which objects such as poker chips are used as rewards that may be exchanged by patients for desired activities or objects; a technique used in operant-conditioning therapy. 6, 16

trace conditioning Presenting the conditioned stimulus before the unconditioned stimulus, but with a somewhat longer delay than in forward conditioning, thus reducing contiguity. 6

trait According to J. P. Guilford, any relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another. 13

trait theories A perspective on personality that organizes human behavior according to characteristics, or traits, that distinguish a person and can be objectively measured. 13

transference In psychoanalysis, the transfer to the analyst of feelings of love and hostility that were originally directed toward a client’s parents or other authority figure. 16

trichromatic The theory of color vision that only three different types of color receptors in the eye (blue, green, and red) are necessary for detecting every color on the visible spectrum. 4

Type A personality A label for people who display an excessive competitive drive, aggressiveness, hostility, and impatience, and are prone to heart disease. 13

Type B personality A label for people who are calmer and more relaxed than Type A personalities and also less susceptible to heart disease. 13