Having read the chapter, you should be able to do each of the following:

1. Distinguish between "civil liberties" and civil rights" and between de jure and de facto discrimination.
2. Discuss the various legal tests used by the courts to assess laws based on groups or classes of people. Comment on the implicit assumptions about appropriate means and ends that underlie each concept.
3. Discuss major U.S. policies in recent decades (including affirmative action and busing) that have been aimed at providing legal equality of result.
4. Discuss the similarities and differences among the dilemmas faced, strategies implemented, and rewards gained by the respective struggles of blacks, women, and other historically disadvantaged groups.