Scientific and Nonscientific Approaches to Knowledge
Scientific Theory Construction and Testing
Scientific Integrity
Getting Started Doing Research
The Organization of This Book
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Things You Need to Know Before You Begin to Do Research
Commentary
Minimal Risk
Dealing with Risk
Obtaining Informed Consent
APA Ethical Standards
Commentary
Deception in Psychological Research
Commentary
Additional Responsibilities to Research Participants
Commentary
Research with Animals
Commentary
Reporting of Psychological Research
Commentary
Steps for Ethical Decision Making
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Part II Descriptive Methods
Classification of Observational Methods
Observation without Intervention
Observation with Intervention
Structured Observation
Field Experiments
Recording Behavior
Obtaining Quantitative Measures of Behavior
Sampling Techniques
Situation Sampling
Analysis of Observational Data
Observer Reliability
Problems in the Conduct of Observational Research
Observer Bias
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Correlational Research
Correlation and Causality
Path Analysis
Margin of Error
Reliability and Validity
Predictions and Decisions
Uses of Surveys
Characteristics of Surveys
Sampling Techniques
Approaches to Sampling
Survey Methods
Personal Interviews
Telephone Interviews
Successive Independent Samples Design
Longitudinal Design
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Physical Traces
Types of Physical Traces
Problems and Limitations
Archival Data
Types of Archival Data
Content Analysis
Illustrative Uses of Archival Data
Problems and Limitations
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Part III Experimental Methods
Characteristics of Experiments
Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments
Experimental Control
Random Groups Design
Establishing External Validity
Challenges to Internal Validity
Alternative Independent Groups Designs
Natural Groups Design
Confidence Intervals
Null Hypothesis Testing
Limitations of Null Hypothesis Testing
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Effect Size
Meta-analysis
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Reasons for Using Repeated Measures Designs
Practice Effects
Balancing Practice Effects
Incomplete Design
Differential Transfer
Analysis of Repeated Measures Designs
Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Guidelines for Identifying an Experimental Design
The Nature of Main Effects and Interactions
Analysis of Complex Designs
Analysis with An Interaction
Analysis with No Interaction
Interpreting Interactions
Interactions and Contradictory Findings
Interactions and External Validity
Interactions and Relevant Independent Variables
Interactions and Ceiling and Floor Effects
Interactions and the Natural Groups Design
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Part IV Applied Research
The Case Study Method
Advantages of the Case Study Method
Disadvantages of the Case Study Method
The Case Study Method: Final Comments
Applied Behavior Analysis
Single-Case (N = 1) Experimental Designs
Problems and Limitations Common to All Single-Case Designs
Ethical Issues in Single-Case Designs
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Differences between Laboratory Experiments and Experiments in Natural Settings
External Validity
Goals
Consequences
True Experiments
Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings
Threats to Internal Validity Controlled by True Experiments
Problems That Even True Experiments May Not Eliminate
Quasi-Experiments
Nonequivalent Control Group Design: The Langer and Rodin Study
Sources of Invalidity in the Nonequivalent Control Group Design
The Issue of External Validity
Interrupted Time-Series Designs
Time Series with Nonequivalent Control Group
An Extension of Single-Case Designs to Research in Natural Settings
The ABAB Design
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Challenge Questions
Appendixes
Introduction
The Multiple Stages of Data Analysis
The Analysis Story
Computer-assisted Data Analysis
A Research Example
Stage 2. Summarizing the Data
Stage 3. Confirming What the Data Tell Us
Summary of Confirmatory Analysis Based on NHST
Confirmatory Analysis Using Confidence Intervals
Construction of Confidence Interval for Difference Between Population Means
Summary of Confirmatory Analysis Based on Confidence Intervals
Recommendations for Comparing Two Means
Data Analysis Involving More than Two Independent Groups
Calculating Effect Size for Independent Groups Designs
Assessing Power for Independent Groups Designs
Analytical Comparisons
Confidence Intervals for Independent Groups Designs
Error Bars and Confidence Intervals
Single-factor Analysis of Variance for Repeated Measures Designs
Using Confidence Intervals with Repeated Measures Designs
Illustration of Simple Main Effect
Statistical Tables
Appendix B Questionnaire Construction
Introduction
Steps in Preparing a Questionnaire
Guidelines for the Effective Wording of Questions
Guidelines for the General Format of a Questionnaire
Ordering of Questions
Enhancing Response Rate in a Mail Survey
Appendix C Communication in Psychology
Introduction
The Internet and Research
Guidelines for Effective Writing
Structure of a Research Report
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendixes
Author Note
Footnotes
Order of Manuscript Pages
Oral Presentations
Research Proposals
A Sample Research Report
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments
Indexes
Subject Index
McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw-Hill Companies. For further information about this site contact psych@mcgraw-hill.com. 
|
|||||
