Contents 3.8 ASCII Code . 54 3.9 Parity Bit . 54 3.10 Binary Arithmetic . 55 3.11 Floating Point Arithmetic . 57 Review Questions . 59 Problems . 60 Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Logic 61 4.1 The Binary Concept . 62 4.2 AND, OR, and NOT Functions . 62 The AND Function . 62 The OR Function . 63 The NOT Function . 64 The Exclusive-OR (XOR) Function . 65 4.3 Boolean Algebra . 65 4.4 Developing Logic Gate Circuits from Boolean Expressions . 66 4.5 Producing the Boolean Equation for a Given Logic Gate Circuit . 66 4.6 Hardwired Logic versus Programmed Logic . 67 4.7 Programming Word Level Logic Instructions . 70 Review Questions . 72 Problems . 72 Chapter 5 Basics of PLC Programming 74 5.1 Processor Memory Organization . 75 Program Files . 75 Data Files . 75 5.2 Program Scan . 78 5.3 PLC Programming Languages . 81 5.4 Bit-Level Logic Instructions . 83 5.5 Instruction Addressing . 86 5.6 Branch Instructions . 87 5.7 Internal Relay Instructions . 89 5.8 Programming Examine If Closed and Examine If Open Instructions . 90 5.9 Entering the Ladder Diagram . 91 5.10 Modes of Operation . 93 5.11 Connecting with Analog Devices . 93 Review Questions . 95 Problems . 96 Preface . viii Acknowledgments . xi About the Author . xii Chapter 1 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): An Overview 1 1.1 Programmable Logic Controllers . 2 1.2 Parts of a PLC . 4 1.3 Principles of Operation . 8 1.4 Modifying the Operation . 11 1.5 PLCs versus Computers . 11 1.6 PLC Size and Application . 12 Review Questions . 15 Problems . 16 Chapter 2 PLC Hardware Components 17 2.1 The I/O Section . 18 2.2 Discrete I/O Modules . 22 2.3 Analog I/O Modules . 27 2.4 Special I/O Modules . 31 2.5 I/O Specifications . 33 Typical Discrete I/O Module Specifications . 33 Typical Analog I/O Module Specifications . . . 34 2.6 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) . 35 2.7 Memory Design . 36 2.8 Memory Types . 37 2.9 Programming Terminal Devices . 39 2.10 Recording and Retrieving Data . 39 2.11 Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) . 39 Review Questions . 43 Problems . 45 Chapter 3 Number Systems and Codes 46 3.1 Decimal System . 47 3.2 Binary System . 47 3.3 Negative Numbers . 49 3.4 Octal System . 49 3.5 Hexadecimal System . 50 3.6 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) System . 51 3.7 Gray Code . 53 v
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