44 Chapter 2 Graphical Summaries of Data SECTION 2.1 Exercises Exercises 1–4 are the Check Your Understanding exercises located within the section. Understanding the Concepts In Exercises 5–8, fill in each blank with the appropriate word or phrase. 5. In a data set, the number of items that are in a particular category is called the . 6. In a data set, the proportion of items that are in a particular category is called the . 7. A is a bar graph in which the bars are ordered by size. 8. A is represented by a circle in which the sizes of the sectors match the relative frequencies of the categories. In Exercises 9–12, determine whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, rewrite it as a true statement. 9. In a frequency distribution, the sum of all frequencies is less than the total number of observations. 10. In a pie chart, if a category has a relative frequency of 30%, then its sector takes up 30% of the circle. 11. The relative frequency of a category is equal to the frequency divided by the sum of all frequencies. 12. In bar graphs and Pareto charts, the widths of the bars represent the frequencies or relative frequencies. Practicing the Skills 13. The following bar graph presents the average amount a U.S. family spent, in dollars, on various food categories in a recent year. 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Cereals and bakery products Meat, poultry, fish, and eggs Dairy products Fruits and vegetables Amount (dollars) Food Expenditures Source: Consumer Expenditure Survey a. On which food category was the most money spent? b. True or false: On the average, families spent more on cereals and bakery products than on fruits and vegetables. c. True or false: Families spent more on animal products (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products) than on plant products (cereals, bakery products, fruits, and vegetables). 14. The most common blood typing system divides human blood into four groups: A, B, O, and AB. The following bar graph presents the frequencies of these types in a sample of 150 blood donors. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B O AB Frequency Blood Types a. Which is the most frequent type? b. True or false: More than half of the individuals in the sample had type O blood. c. True or false: More than twice as many people had type A blood as had type B blood. 15. Following is a pie chart that presents the percentages of video games sold in each of four rating categories. Video Game Ratings Mature (M) 12.5% Teen (T) 23.3% Everyone 10+ (E10) 26.7% Everyone (E) 37.5% Source: Entertainment Software Association a. Construct a relative frequency bar graph for these data. b. Construct a relative frequency Pareto chart for these data. c. In which rating category are the most games sold? d. True or false: More than twice as many T-rated games are sold as M-rated games. e. True or false: Fewer than one in five games sold is an M-rated game. 16. Following is a pie chart that presents the percentages of the U.S. federal budget that were spent in various categories in the fiscal year 2009. U.S. Federal Spending - Fiscal Year 2009 Medicare and Medicaid 18.7% Social Security 18.8% Interest on the debt Other discretionary Other mandatory 5.2% 19.3% 16.3% Defense 21.7% Source: Office of Management and Budget
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