PART TWO THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF GLOBAL MARKETS 3 History and Geography: The Foundations of Culture 54 Historical Perspective in Global xxviii Business 56 History and Contemporary Behavior 56 History Is Subjective 58 Manifest Destiny and the Monroe Doctrine 60 Geography and Global Markets 64 Climate and Topography 64 Geography, Nature, and Economic Growth 67 Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 69 Resources 72 Dynamics of Global Population Trends 76 Controlling Population Growth 76 Rural/Urban Migration 77 Population Decline and Aging 78 Worker Shortage and Immigration 79 World Trade Routes 80 Communication Links 82 4 Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global Markets 96 Culture’s Pervasive Impact 98 Definitions and Origins of Culture 104 Geography 105 History 106 The Political Economy 107 Technology 107 Social Institutions 107 Elements of Culture 112 Cultural Values 112 Rituals 116 Symbols 118 Beliefs 121 Thought Processes 123 Cultural Sensitivity and Tolerance 123 Cultural Change 124 Cultural Borrowing 124 Similarities: An Illusion 125 Resistance to Change 125 Planned and Unplanned Cultural Change 127 5 Culture, Management Style, and Business Systems 130 Required Adaptation 132 Degree of Adaptation 133 Imperatives, Electives, and Exclusives 133 The Impact of American Culture on Management Style 135 Management Styles around the World 138 Authority and Decision Making 138 Management Objectives and Aspirations 140 Communication Styles 142 Formality and Tempo 145 P-Time versus M-Time 146 Negotiations Emphasis 148 Marketing Orientation 148 Gender Bias in International Business 148 Business Ethics 152 Corruption Defined 152 The Western Focus on Bribery 154 Bribery: Variations on a Theme 157 Ethical and Socially Responsible Decisions 158 Culture’s Influence on Strategic Thinking 161 Synthesis: Relationship-Oriented vs. Information-Oriented Cultures 163 6 The Political Environment: A Critical Concern 170 The Sovereignty of Nations 172 Stability of Government Policies 173 Forms of Government 175 Political Parties 176 Nationalism 177 Targeted Fear and/or Animosity 179 Trade Disputes 179 Political Risks of Global Business 179 Confiscation, Expropriation, and Domestication 180 Economic Risks 180 Political Sanctions 181 Political and Social Activists and Nongovernmental Organizations 182 Violence, Terrorism, and War 186 Cyberterrorism and Cybercrime 189
Cateora_InternationalMarketing_17e
To see the actual publication please follow the link above